Personalizing Entrepreneurial Learning: A Pedagogy for Facilitating the Know Why

Karen Williams Middleton; Anne Donnellon

doi:10.1515/erj-2013-0040

Article

Personalizing Entrepreneurial Learning: A Pedagogy for Facilitating the Know Why

Karen Williams Middleton and Anne Donnellon

Published/Copyright: January 8, 2014

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From the journal Entrepreneurship Research Journal Volume 4 Issue 2

Abstract

As the global diffusion of entrepreneurship education continues, along with increasing investment in, and expectations of, educational initiatives, it has become important to articulate what we are teaching and why, along with the specifics of where, how, and to whom. Yet, despite a growing consensus about what constitute the entrepreneurial activities and competencies required to start a new venture, there has been little agreement regarding the content of entrepreneurship education, or how learning should be delivered (Bygrave 2007, TheHandbook of Qualitative Research Methods in Entrepreneurship, 17–48. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited; Edelman, Manolova, and Brush 2008, Entrepreneurship Education: Correspondence Between Practices of Nascent Entrepreneurs and Textbook Prescriptions for Success. Academy of Management Learning and Education 7(1):56–70; Honig, Davidsson, and Karlsson 2005, Learning strategies of nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Competence-based Management 1(3):67–88; Mwasalwiba 2010, Entrepreneurship Education: A Review of Its Objectives, Teaching Methods, and Impact Indicators. Education+Training 52(1):20–47).

Clearly, the purpose of any education, the “why” for the teacher, shapes the content, the “what”, and the method, the “how”. But what about the personal “how” and “why” for the learner? Sarasvathy’s theory of effectuation (Sarasvathy 2001, Causation and effectuation: Toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. Academy of Management Review 26(2):243–63; 2008, New Horizons in Entrepreneurship, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar) has led educators to consider how an entrepreneur’s personal resources and resourcefulness can and should alter their how. Scholars are now sharing pedagogical approaches for motivating that type of learning (Fletcher and Watson 2007, Entrepreneurship, Management Learning and Negotiated Narratives: ‘Making it Otherwise for Us – Otherwise for Them’. Management Learning 38(1):9–26; Gibb 2011, Concepts into practice: meeting the challenge of development of entrepreneurship educators around an innovative paradigm – the case of the International Entrepreneurship Educators’ Programme (IEEP). International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research 17(2):146–165; Kyrö2008, A Theoretical Framework for Teaching and Learning Entrepreneurship. International Journal of Business and Globalisation 2(1):39–55; Ollila and Williams Middleton 2011, The Venture Creation Approach: Integrating Entrepreneurial Education and Incubation at the University. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management 13(2):161–78). However, little research has addressed the personal why for the entrepreneurial learner (Rae 2005, Entrepreneurial Learning: A Narrative-Based Conceptual Model. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 12(3):323–35; Rigg and O’Dwyer 2012, Becoming an entrepreneur: researching the role of mentors in identity construction. Education + Training 54(4):319–329).

In this paper, we seek to fill this gap by exploring how entrepreneurship educators can facilitate the personalized learning to develop the Know Why for nascent entrepreneurs in the process of becoming entrepreneurial. We combine theories of entrepreneurship practice, education, and learning to propose a model for entrepreneurial Know Why. We utilize a case study of an entrepreneurship program applying a learning-through-venture-creation approach to identify a pedagogical approach in which learning entrepreneurial Know Why is facilitated. Thus, the purpose of this paper is twofold: to contribute to the theory of entrepreneurial learning and to contribute to the pedagogy for entrepreneurship, by explaining the meaning and significance of the entrepreneurial Know Why and by describing an educational approach that facilitates its development.

Keywords: entrepreneurial learning; entrepreneurial education; nascent entrepreneurs; Know Why

Appendix

Table 2

general data for venture creation program, 1997–2011

Version	Description	Grad. year	No. of students	Venture teams	Ideas evaluated	Ventures incorporated (surviving)
1:1997–2000	1-year masters (native language) with students recruited from the university only.A project-based pedagogy matches teams with ideas from the university environment for potential commercial development.	1997	12	4	5	3 (2)
		1998	15	5	6	1 (1)
		1999	18	5	7	1 (0)
		2000	15	5	5	1 (0)
2:2001–2004	1½-year masters (native language) with students recruited nationally. After ½ yearof preparatory courses, a venture-based pedagogy is used to incubate teamswith ideas for potential incorporation. A pre-incubator specially designed topartner with the program provides seed financing.	2001	23	7	8	6 (4)
		2002	16	5	8	4 (4)
		2003	21	6	8	5 (3)
		2004	20	6	7	4 (4)
3: 2005–2007	1½-year masters expands to include a life-science-specific “track” (previously onlygeneral technology). The first ½ year is restructured to be a “business creation laboratory”, simulating venture creation using university-based ideas.	2005	20	7	13	5 (3)
		2006	34	12	15	5 (5)
		2007	30	11	19	5 (4)
4:2009–2011^a	2-year masters (English), students recruited internationally. Additional ½ year isan elective-period (2nd half of 1st year). Teams are formed at the end of 1st year,allowing for initiation of venture activities during the summer break.	2009	19	8	13	5 (5)
		2010	35	12	18	5 (5)
		2011	26	11	16	in progress
*Total*			*304*	*104*	*148*	*50 (40)*

^[1]

Table 3

Alumni responses to survey question: What does it mean to act entrepreneurially?

What does it mean to act entrepreneurially?
Always considering and looking for new opportunities to create more business
For me it’s being opportunistic and see opportunities. It’s also about being persistent and firm and never give up. It’s also about being positive towards new things.
Take risks to achieve new/better business. Risks could mean to try novel methods/technology/business models in existing or new markets.
Creating value and developing new business
To me it means to not hesitate to drive initiatives for improvements and innovations despite not getting support from your immediate surroundings. It also contains a degree of circumventing obstacles and finding your way to your objectives even if it is not the most straightforward path.
Pursuing the realization of ideas. Trying to find ways to make the world a little better.
In constant chase of business opportunities
Putting thoughts into action
Grab opportunities not be afraid of "being on your own", never give up, being patient, sell, sell, sell and quite often without having anything concrete to demonstrate.
Taking the lead identify opportunities getting things done dare to explore new ways
See opportunities where many other would see problems.
Acting on opportunity and continuous adaption to circumstances
Business First
Think outside the box and that nothing is impossible to see opportunities in most situations and to try to make good use of them.
Always try to find a way of creating more value for your customers and being able to capture some of that value for yourself.
Make use of opportunities as they arise and not to be afraid of change.
To think outside the box to see the not yet seen and to execute what you believe in without ever looking back.
To realize dreams and ideas and create value out of it. To allocate the resources needed and engage people to do their best.
Constantly look for opportunities meet up with new people and places turn problems into benefits celebrate goals achieved and move forward when facing obstacles.
To me it means seeing opportunities and act on them in a most profitable way.
See opportunities and do something about them.
Meaningless theory. These are things you cannot learn in a school.
Thinking outside the box and then quantify the value of the thoughts.
To have a curious and inquisitive mindset regarding possible business opportunities in one’s life and the will to act upon those opportunities.
Be creative challenge common knowledge and procedures have drive and energy
Think outside the box drive innovation
To seize opportunities that arise and make something useful of them. To turn intangibles into tangibles.
Willingness to explore new opportunities.
To explore opportunities.
To take initiatives come up with new ideas and do something with them don’t let anything stop you find opportunities of solutions to problems in your everyday life.
Find new ways of solving problems and to see opportunities in challenges and a world of changes. Also try to change the system or bending rules not only acting within the traditional set up.
To take an idea into action that changes the current status.
Be creative do things and actually make things happen solve problems get the big picture as well as the details.
To look for and see opportunities and/or demands around you and to think of solutions to these problems/needs. But to be an entrepreneur you should also take action. One additional thing is to create needs or demands for something that isn’t there yet!
Finding and implementing better solutions through analysis creativity and hard work
explore new possibilities creative thinking and strong acting driving creation/change
To see the business opportunity where others don’t; With other small means achieve progress; Questions questions, questions; Driven
Hard question … to be willing to risk your own well-being; to see possibilities when other see pit-falls; to act instead of thinking and thinking and thinking
To create new things or improve existing ones
Good question! For me it is about not being stuck in a role. Being entrepreneurial for me is being able to adapt to different situations. Sometimes expected sometimes unexpected. Also I find it strongly related to having to learn many sides of a business not necessarily being the expert in every field, but know how to look for the knowledge you don´t have. An urge to move forward.
To actively pursue opportunities that have a chance to evolve into a strengthened situation for a project/team/venture/research/society.
Challenge established systems and thinking and focus on value creation
Going your own way and finding new solutions to improve our society.
To me it means many different things such as working independently, creatively and knowing that YOU are responsible for your assignments/projects no one else will do it for you, therefore it is up to you how you perform at your job. It also means that you DO things, not just say things. Anyone can sell in a concept, but few people can actually execute that concept/idea.
To plan and act according to my own desired outcome of a situation especially concerning professional goals but just as well to personal goals as well. It means to create the circumstances rather than to let circumstances rule the day.
Being able to develop and implement creative (or out of the ordinary) ideas
Analyzing mindset questioning facts seeing non yet existing opportunities, outside-the-box thinking, etc.
Thinking outside the box visionary motivated and driven by a vision
thinking strategically moving fast and breaking things
To see how value can be created from mere ideas to plan for it and then make it happen.
To find new ways of solving problems. To be creative and see things from new angle.
To take initiatives is a natural action for someone with an entrepreneurial mindset. To try to think up new ways of doing things.
Being able to find solutions to problems people care about and earn respect/recognition/money for presenting that solution.
To take initiative and find solutions/think in a new way.
Finding opportunities and pursuing them. It could also be activities that do not include business. Creating visions and get people involved in following them.
Seize the opportunity and make something out of it
Being able to identify ideas and value them from different stakeholders perspective e.g. it can be from decisions regarding what to put up on the homepage to come up with new functions that can be valuable for potential customers. To me it also involves taking risks – both economical and personal.
think outside the box focus on capitalizing on ideas finding potential in opportunities and threats
See possibilities and act on them
To dare to do new things, walk new paths, do things without neither perfect information nor preparation.
To look for opportunities ALL the time; Have a drive and transfer the same drive to people around you; Motivate others; Be able to plan execute and sell my ideas to people in my organizations; Dare to Swing Big
For me to act entrepreneurially is to look for more effective and better ways of doing something to identify something and be able to see what others don’t and to find possible different uses of something existing which other will desire to use just that they didn’t know it. To be able to identify new relationships that could be fruitful for both parties
To act entrepreneurially to me is to strive forward regardless of obstacles that occur be open and positive against new ideas and approaches get things done not just talk about it i.e. make it happen.
I have become more result oriented wanting action. I am seeing opportunities where others see problems to a larger extent than before. I am not neglecting risks but I can be aware of them and act anyway I guess I dare more than before. Networking it is great to have experienced that I can connect people to make things happen.
Find new ways of doing things and understand how I can interlink different things to create new products and services. One could say that thinking outside the box is a cliché but I definitely think that it is part of being entrepreneurial.
To see opportunities and encounter them with action
See opportunities and take them
Being creative in finding solutions and pursuing these ideas
Focus on business opportunities while being flexible in everything
See opportunities where someone else sees a problem and reach goals with a great drive and risk taking.
To think outside the box trying to improve already established processes being proactive risk taker
Taking more initiative which creates impact for society and my surroundings even though it consumes more energy than you have. Trying to encourage people who have ideas and make them believe then they can do it. Finally learn to live happily with a lousy salary.

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1
Throughout the paper, the terms Know What, Know How, and Know Why will be used, but these are to be understood as having the prefix “entrepreneurial”, which is left off for space and ease of reading.
2
Forty venture teams (38%) were involved with at least one termination and re-start, thus evaluating a new idea as a venture.

Published Online: 2014-1-8

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Articles in the same Issue

https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2013-0040

Keywords for this article

entrepreneurial learning; entrepreneurial education; nascent entrepreneurs; Know Why