Abstract
Using insights based on the entrepreneurial cognition perspective, we develop a conceptual model to explain the evolution of entrepreneurial growth intentions under the influence of venture cognitive logics (causation versus effectuation) and entrepreneurial cognitive style (analytic versus holistic). Our model finds preliminary support based on qualitative data from an exploratory field study of a select group of entrepreneurs, interviewed in three waves over a 5-year timeframe.
References
Allinson, C. W., E.Chell, and J.Hayes, 2000. “Intuition and Entrepreneurial behavior.” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(1):31–43.10.1080/135943200398049Search in Google Scholar
Armstrong, S. J., E.Cools, and E.Sadler-Smith. 2011. “Role of Cognitive Styles in Business and Management: Reviewing 40 Years of Research.” International Journal of Management Reviews. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00315.x.Search in Google Scholar
Armstrong, S. J., and A.Hird. 2009. “Cognitive Style and Entrepreneurial Drive of New and Mature Business Owner-Managers.” Journal of Business Psychology24:419–30.10.1007/s10869-009-9114-4Search in Google Scholar
Barbosa, S. D., M. W.Gerhardt, and J. R.Kickul. 2007. “The Role of Cognitive Style and Risk Preference on Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Intentions.” Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies13:86–104.10.1177/10717919070130041001Search in Google Scholar
Baron, R. A. 1998. “Cognitive Mechanisms in Entrepreneurship: Why and When Entrepreneurs Think Differently Than Other People.” Journal of Business Venturing13:275–94.10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00031-1Search in Google Scholar
Baron, R. A. 1999. “Counterfactual Thinking and Venture Formation: The Potential Effects of Thinking About ‘What Might Have Been’.” Journal of Business Venturing15:79–91.10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00024-XSearch in Google Scholar
Baron, R. A. 2004. “Potential Benefits of the Cognitive Perspective: Expanding Entrepreneurship’s Array of Conceptual Tools.” Journal of Business Venturing19:169–72.10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00004-1Search in Google Scholar
Barringer, B. R., F. F.Jones, and D. O.Neubaum. 2005. “A Quantitative Content Analysis of the Characteristics of Rapid-Growth Firms and Their Founders.” Journal of Business Venturing20:663–87.10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.03.004Search in Google Scholar
Becherer, R. C., and J. G.Maurer. 1997. “The Moderating Effect of Environmental Variables on the Entrepreneurial and Marketing Orientation of Entrepreneur-Led Firms.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice22:47–58.10.1177/104225879702200103Search in Google Scholar
Bird, B. 1988. “Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intention.” Academy of Management Review13:442–53.10.5465/amr.1988.4306970Search in Google Scholar
Bird, B. J. 1992. “The Operations of Intentions in Time: The Emergence of the New Venture.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice17:11–20.10.1177/104225879201700102Search in Google Scholar
Bluedorn, A. C., and R. B.Denhardt. 1988. “Time and Organizations.” Journal of Management14:299–320.10.1177/014920638801400209Search in Google Scholar
Bradley, S. W., J.Wiklund, and D. A.Shepherd. 2011. “Swinging a Double-Edged Sword: The Effect of Slack on Entrepreneurial Management and Growth.” Journal of Business Venturing26:537–54.10.1016/j.jbusvent.2010.03.002Search in Google Scholar
Brigham, K.H., and J.O.De Castro. 2003. “Entrepreneurial Fit: The Role of Cognitive Misfit.” Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence, and Growth6:37–41.10.1016/S1074-7540(03)06003-3Search in Google Scholar
Brockhaus, R. H. 1980. “Risk Taking Propensity of Entrepreneurs.” Academy of Management Journal23:509–20.10.2307/255515Search in Google Scholar
Busenitz, L. W. 1999. “Entrepreneurial Risk and Strategic Decision Making: It’s a Matter of Perspective.” The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science35:325–40.10.1177/0021886399353005Search in Google Scholar
Busenitz, L. W., and J.Barney. 1997. “Differences between Entrepreneurs and Managers in Large Organizations: Biases and Heuristics in Strategic Decision-Making.” Journal of Business Venturing12:9–30.10.1016/S0883-9026(96)00003-1Search in Google Scholar
Busenitz, L. W., and C.Lau. 1996. “A Cross-Cultural Cognitive Model of New Venture Creation.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice20:25–39.10.1177/104225879602000403Search in Google Scholar
Castrogiovanni, G. J., and R. T.Justis. 2002. “Strategic and Contextual Influences of Firm Growth: An Empirical Study of Franchisers.” Journal of Small Business Management40:98–108.10.1111/1540-627X.00043Search in Google Scholar
Chandler, G. N., D. R.DeTienne, A.McKelvie, and T. V.Mumford. 2011. “Causation and Effectuation Processes: A Validation Study.” Journal of Business Venturing26:375–90.10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.10.006Search in Google Scholar
Covin, J. G., D. P.Slevin, and M. B.Heeley. 2000. “Pioneers and Followers: Competitive Tactics, Environment and Firm Growth.” Journal of Business Venturing15:175–210.10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00015-9Search in Google Scholar
Davidsson, P.1989. “Entrepreneurship – and After? A Study of Growth Willingness in Small Firms.” Journal of Business Venturing, 4(3):211–226.10.1016/0883-9026(89)90022-0Search in Google Scholar
Delmar, F., and S.Shane. 2003. “Does Business Planning Facilitate the Development of New Ventures?” Strategic Management Journal24:1165–85.10.1002/smj.349Search in Google Scholar
Dew, N., S.Read, S. D.Sarasvathy, and R.Wiltbank. 2009. “Effectual versus Predictive Logics in Entrepreneurial Decision-Making: Differences between Experts and Novices.” Journal of Business Venturing24:287–309.10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.02.002Search in Google Scholar
Dutta, D. K., and S.Thornhill. 2008. “The Evolution of Growth Intentions: Toward a Cognition-Based Model.” Journal of Business Venturing23:307–22.10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.02.003Search in Google Scholar
Flynn, D., and A. M.Forman. 2001. “Life Cycles of New Venture Organizations: Different Factors Affecting Performance.” Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship6:41–58.Search in Google Scholar
George, J. M., and G. R.Jones. 2000. “The Role of Time in Theory and Theory Building.” Journal of Management26:657–84.10.1177/014920630002600404Search in Google Scholar
Gimeno, J., T. B.Folta, A. C.Cooper, and C. Y.Woo. 1997. “Survival of the Fittest? Entrepreneurial Human Capital and the Persistence of Underperforming Firms.” Administrative Science Quarterly42:750–83.10.2307/2393656Search in Google Scholar
Groves, K., C.Vance, and D.Choi. 2011. “Examining Entrepreneurial Cognition: An Occupational Analysis of Balanced Linear and Nonlinear Thinking and Entrepreneurial Success.” Journal of Small Business Management, 49(3), 438–466.10.1111/j.1540-627X.2011.00329.xSearch in Google Scholar
Hayden, F. G. 1987. “Evolution of Time Constructs and Their Impact on Socioeconomic Planning.” Journal of Economic Issues21:1281–312.10.1080/00213624.1987.11504704Search in Google Scholar
Hayes, J., and C. W.Allinson. 1998. “Cognitive Style and the Theory and Practice of Individual and Collective Learning in Organizations.” Human Relations51(7):847–872.10.1177/001872679805100701Search in Google Scholar
Keh, H. T., M. D.Foo, and B. C.Lim. 2002. “Opportunity Evaluation under Risky Conditions: The Cognitive Processes of Entrepreneurs.” Entrepreneurship Theory and PracticeWinter:125–48.10.1111/1540-8520.00003Search in Google Scholar
Kemler Nelson, D.G., and J.D.Smith. 1989. “Analytic and Holistic Processing in Reflection-Impulsivity and Cognitive Development.” In Globerson, T. and Zamar, T. (Eds.): Human Development, Vol. 3: Cognitive style and cognitive development, 116–140. Norwood, NJ: Allex.Search in Google Scholar
Kickul, J., L. K.Gundry, S. D.Barbosa, and L.Whitcanack. 2009. “Intuition versus Analysis? Testing Differential Models of Cognitive Style on Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and the New Venture Creation Process.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 33(2):439–53.10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00298.xSearch in Google Scholar
Koning, A. de. 2003. “Opportunity Development: A Socio-Cognitive Perspective.” In Cognitive Approaches to Entrepreneurship Research: Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth, edited by J. A.Katz and D. A.Shepherd, Volume 6, 265–314. Oxford: Elsevier Science.10.1016/S1074-7540(03)06009-4Search in Google Scholar
Krueger, N. F. Jr., and A. L.Carsrud. 1993. “Entrepreneurial Intentions: Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development5:315–30.10.1080/08985629300000020Search in Google Scholar
Kundu, S. K., and J. A.Katz. 2003. “Born-International SMEs: Bi-Level Impacts of Resources and Intentions.” Small Business Economics20:25–47.10.1023/A:1020292320170Search in Google Scholar
Lau, C., and L. W.Busenitz. 2001. “Growth Intentions of Entrepreneurs in a Transitional Economy: The People’s Republic of China.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice26(1):5–20.10.1177/104225870102600101Search in Google Scholar
Lichtenstein, B. B. M., and C. J.Brush. 2001. “How Do ‘Resource Bundles’ Develop and Change in New Ventures? A Dynamic Model and Longitudinal Exploration.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice25:37–51.10.1177/104225870102500303Search in Google Scholar
Lumpkin, G. T., and G. G.Dess. 1996. “Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking It to Performance.” Academy of Management Review21:135–72.10.2307/258632Search in Google Scholar
Lumpkin, G. T., and G. G.Dess. 2001. “Linking Two Dimensions of Entrepreneurial Orientation to Firm Performance: The Moderating Role of Environment and Industry Life Cycle.” Journal of Business Venturing16:429–51.10.1016/S0883-9026(00)00048-3Search in Google Scholar
Lyon, D. W., G. T.Lumpkin, and G. G.Dess. 2000. “Enhancing Entrepreneurial Orientation Research: Operationalizing and Measuring a Key Strategic Decision Making Process.” Journal of Management26:1055–85.10.1177/014920630002600503Search in Google Scholar
Man, T. W. Y., T.Lau, and K. F.Chan. 2002. “The Competitiveness of Small and Medium Enterprises: A Conceptualization with Focus on Entrepreneurial Competencies.” Journal of Business Venturing17:123–42.10.1016/S0883-9026(00)00058-6Search in Google Scholar
Messick, S. 1976. “Personality Consistencies in Cognition and Creativity.” In Individuality in Learning, edited by S.Messick, 4–22. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.Search in Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. K. 2003. “A Transaction Cognition Theory of Global Entrepreneurship.” In Cognitive Approaches to Entrepreneurship Research: Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth, edited by J. A.Katz and D. A.Shepherd, Vol. 6, 181–229. Oxford: Elsevier Science.10.1016/S1074-7540(03)06007-0Search in Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. K., L. W.Busenitz, B.Bird, C. M.Gaglio, J. S.McMullen, E. A.Morse, and J. B.Smith. 2007. “The Central Question in Entrepreneurial Cognition Research 2007.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice31(1):1–27.10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00161.xSearch in Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. K., L.Busenitz, T.Lant, P. P.McDougall, E. A.Morse, and J. B.Smith. 2002. “Toward a Theory of Entrepreneurial Cognition: Rethinking the People Side of Entrepreneurship Research.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice27:93–104.10.1111/1540-8520.00001Search in Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. K., L.Busenitz, T.Lant, P. P.McDougall, E. A.Morse, and J. B.Smith. 2004. “The Distinctive and Inclusive Domain of Entrepreneurial Cognition Research.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice28:505–18.10.1111/j.1540-6520.2004.00061.xSearch in Google Scholar
Mitchell, T. R., and L. R.James. 2001. “Building Better Theory: Time and the Specification of When Things Happen.” Academy of Management Review26:530–47.10.2307/3560240Search in Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. K., E. A.Morse, and P.Sharma. 2003. “The Transacting Cognitions ofNon-Family Employees in the Family Businesses Setting.” Journal of Business Venturing18:533–51.10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00059-4Search in Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. K., B.Smith, K. W.Seawright, and E. A.Morse. 2000. “Cross-Cultural Cognitions and the Venture Creation Decision.” Academy of Management Journal43:974–93.10.2307/1556422Search in Google Scholar
Moran, P. 1998. “Personality Characteristics and Growth-Orientation of the Small Business Owner-Manager.” International Small Business Journal16:17–38.10.1177/0266242698163001Search in Google Scholar
Nicholls-Nixon, C. L., A. C.Cooper, and C. Y.Woo. 2000. “Strategic Experimentation: Understanding Change and Performance in New Ventures.” Journal of Business Venturing15:493–521.10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00018-4Search in Google Scholar
Palich, L. E., and D. R.Bagby. 1995. “Using Cognitive Theory to Explain Entrepreneurial Risk-Taking: Challenging Conventional Wisdom.” Journal of Business Venturing10:425–38.10.1016/0883-9026(95)00082-JSearch in Google Scholar
Perry, J. T., G. N.Chandler, and G.Markova. 2012. “Entrepreneurial Effectuation:A Review and Suggestions for Future Research.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice36(4):837–61.10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00435.xSearch in Google Scholar
Petrakis, P. E. 1997. “Entrepreneurship and Growth: Creative and Equilibrating Events.” Small Business Economics9:383–402.10.1023/A:1007980925402Search in Google Scholar
Sadler-Smith, E. 2004. “Cognitive Style and the Management of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises.” Organization Studies25(2):155–81.10.1177/0170840604036914Search in Google Scholar
Saemundsson, R. J. 2003. “The Interaction between Growth Intentions, Access to Resources and Growth in New Technology-Based Firms.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation4(2):85–95.10.5367/000000003101299447Search in Google Scholar
Sarasvathy, S. D. 2001. “Causation and Effectuation: Toward a Theoretical Shift from Economic Inevitability to Entrepreneurial Contingency.” Academy of Management Review26:243–63.10.5465/amr.2001.4378020Search in Google Scholar
Shook, C. L., R. L.Priem, and J. E.McGee. 2003. “Venture Creation and the Enterprising Individual: A Review and Synthesis.” Journal of Management29:379–99.Search in Google Scholar
Sitkin, S. B., and A. L.Pablo. 1992. “Reconceptualizing the Determinants of Risk Behavior.” Academy of Management Review17:9–38.10.5465/amr.1992.4279564Search in Google Scholar
Vaghely, I. P., and P.Julien. 2010. “Are Opportunities Recognized or Constructed? An Information Perspective on Entrepreneurial Opportunity Identification.” Journal of Business Venturing25:73–86.10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.06.004Search in Google Scholar
Wiklund, J., and D.Shepherd. 2003. “Aspiring for, and Achieving Growth: The Moderating Role of Resources and Opportunities.” Journal of Management Studies40:1919–41.10.1046/j.1467-6486.2003.00406.xSearch in Google Scholar
Witkin, H. A., C. A.Moore, D. R.Goodenough, and P. W.Cox. 1977. “Field Dependent and Field Independent Cognitive Styles and Their Educational Implications.” Review of Educational Research47:1–64.10.3102/00346543047001001Search in Google Scholar
Zaheer, S., S.Albert, and A.Zaheer. 1999. “Time Scales and Organizational Theory.” Academy of Management Review24:725–41.10.2307/259351Search in Google Scholar
©2014 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin / Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Competitive Research Article
- Venture Cognitive Logics, Entrepreneurial Cognitive Style, and Growth Intentions: A Conceptual Model and an Exploratory Field Study
- Personalizing Entrepreneurial Learning: A Pedagogy for Facilitating the Know Why
- Comparative Analysis of Recent Trends in Private Sector Development in CEE Transition Economies
- Commentaries
- Getting Entrepreneurship Education Out of the Classroom and into Students’ Heads
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Competitive Research Article
- Venture Cognitive Logics, Entrepreneurial Cognitive Style, and Growth Intentions: A Conceptual Model and an Exploratory Field Study
- Personalizing Entrepreneurial Learning: A Pedagogy for Facilitating the Know Why
- Comparative Analysis of Recent Trends in Private Sector Development in CEE Transition Economies
- Commentaries
- Getting Entrepreneurship Education Out of the Classroom and into Students’ Heads