Borrowing Modal Elements into American Norwegian

Chapters in this book

1. Prelim pages i
2. Table of contents v
3. The study of Germanic heritage languages in the Americas 1
4. Part I. Acquisition and attrition
5. Word Order Variation in Norwegian Possessive Constructions 21
6. Attrition in an American Norwegian Heritage Language Speaker 46
7. Reexamining Icelandic as a Heritage Language in North America 72
8. Part II. Phonetic and phonological change
9. Heritage Language Obstruent Phonetics and Phonology 97
10. The History of Front Rounded Vowels in New Braunfels German 117
11. Part III. (Morpho-)syntactic and pragmatic change
12. Functional Convergence and Extension in Contact 135
13. Hybrid Verb Forms in American Norwegian and the Analysis of the Syntactic Relation between the Verb and its Tense 161
14. Discourse Markers in the Narratives of New York Hasidim 178
15. Part IV. Lexical change
16. Maintaining a Multilingual Repertoire 201
17. How Synagogues Became Shuls 217
18. Phonological Non-integration of Lexical Borrowings in Wisconsin West Frisian 234
19. Borrowing Modal Elements into American Norwegian 256
20. Part V. Variation and real-time change
21. Changes in a Norwegian Dialect in America 283
22. On Two Myths of the Norwegian Language in America 299
23. Coon Valley Norwegians Meet Norwegians from Norway 323
24. Variation and Change in American Swedish 359
25. On the Decrease of Language Norms in a Disintegrating Language 389
26. Index of languages and dialects 407
27. Index of authors 409
28. Index of subjects 415