10 The Green Road Project and Women’s Green Victimisation in Turkey
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Halil Ibrahim Bahar
Abstract
Paving the way for transportation of minerals and other extracted resources between Turkey, Russia and Europe, in the Eastern Black Sea (EBS) region of Turkey, the controversial 2,600km ‘Green Road’ is planned to be constructed. The project also aims to connect tourism centres throughout the highlands of the provinces of Artvin, Rize, Trabzon, Giresun, Ordu, Gumushane, Bayburt and Samsun in the EBS region; all previously protected as conservation areas and public land. Environmentalists and people in this region are greatly concerned that the project may have a potentially devastating impact on the environment, and local people are under threat of green crime from extractive industries. There are fears that the ‘Green Road’ will cause erosion, forest loss, habitat fragmentation, stream pollution and other ecological destruction. The project also threatens the traditional, seasonal migrations of people who bring their livestock up into the highland pastures to graze each summer. These devastating developments cause women’s green victimisation (WGV) and put women’s livelihoods at risk, ultimately forcibly removing them from their traditional living spaces.
This chapter employs the Treadmill of Production (ToP) theory to analyse WGV in Turkey. To understand solidarity efforts and the collective actions of women against WGV in the EBS region of Turkey, the ToP will be combined with an eco-feminist analysis. Drawing data from online ethnographic research, it proposes that the incorporation of green and feminist criminology is needed to understand the gendered dynamics involved in WGV in Turkey, which is rooted in patriarchal power structures. Such a power structure not only causes green crime it also threatens the social, economic and political survival of women. The study concludes that regional, national and transnational resistance networks against dams, mines and other environmental threats are fertile grounds to raise awareness, especially among women, and address WGV.
Abstract
Paving the way for transportation of minerals and other extracted resources between Turkey, Russia and Europe, in the Eastern Black Sea (EBS) region of Turkey, the controversial 2,600km ‘Green Road’ is planned to be constructed. The project also aims to connect tourism centres throughout the highlands of the provinces of Artvin, Rize, Trabzon, Giresun, Ordu, Gumushane, Bayburt and Samsun in the EBS region; all previously protected as conservation areas and public land. Environmentalists and people in this region are greatly concerned that the project may have a potentially devastating impact on the environment, and local people are under threat of green crime from extractive industries. There are fears that the ‘Green Road’ will cause erosion, forest loss, habitat fragmentation, stream pollution and other ecological destruction. The project also threatens the traditional, seasonal migrations of people who bring their livestock up into the highland pastures to graze each summer. These devastating developments cause women’s green victimisation (WGV) and put women’s livelihoods at risk, ultimately forcibly removing them from their traditional living spaces.
This chapter employs the Treadmill of Production (ToP) theory to analyse WGV in Turkey. To understand solidarity efforts and the collective actions of women against WGV in the EBS region of Turkey, the ToP will be combined with an eco-feminist analysis. Drawing data from online ethnographic research, it proposes that the incorporation of green and feminist criminology is needed to understand the gendered dynamics involved in WGV in Turkey, which is rooted in patriarchal power structures. Such a power structure not only causes green crime it also threatens the social, economic and political survival of women. The study concludes that regional, national and transnational resistance networks against dams, mines and other environmental threats are fertile grounds to raise awareness, especially among women, and address WGV.
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Front Matter i
- Contents iii
- List of Figures and Tables v
- Notes on Contributors vi
- Acknowledgements xii
- Foreword xiii
- Why Gendering Green Criminology Matters 1
-
Gendered Nature of Green Crimes and Environmental Harm
- Eco-Feminism and the Gendering Green Criminology Project 17
- New Directions Please! Veganising Green Criminology 34
- Men and the Climate Crisis: Why Masculinities Matter for Green Criminology 53
- Reconceptualising Gendered Dimensions of Illegal Wildlife Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa through Legal, Policy and Programmatic Means 72
- The Attitudes of People with Different Gender Identities and Different Perceptions of Gender Roles towards Nonhuman Animals and Their Welfare 97
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Gendered Impacts and Victimisation
- Queering Green Criminology: The Impacts of Zoonotic Diseases on the LGBTQ Community 121
- Women and the Structural Violence of ‘Fast-Fashion’ Global Production: Victimisation, Poorcide and Environmental Harms 148
- Green Victims of the International Waste Industry: An Analysis from a Gender Perspective 170
- The Green Road Project and Women’s Green Victimisation in Turkey 187
- ‘Daughters of Dust’: An Eco-Feminist Analysis of Debt-for-Nature Swaps and Underage Marriage in Indonesia 205
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Resistance
- Women’s Experiences of Environmental Harm in Colombia: Learning from Black, Decolonial and Indigenous Communitarian Feminisms 229
- Vegan Feminism Then and Now: Women’s Resistance to Legalised Speciesism across Three Waves of Activism 251
- ‘To Preserve and Promote’: Gendering Harm in Green Cultural Criminology 267
- David and Goliath: Exploring the Male Burdens of Patriarchal Capitalism 289
- Index 304
Kapitel in diesem Buch
- Front Matter i
- Contents iii
- List of Figures and Tables v
- Notes on Contributors vi
- Acknowledgements xii
- Foreword xiii
- Why Gendering Green Criminology Matters 1
-
Gendered Nature of Green Crimes and Environmental Harm
- Eco-Feminism and the Gendering Green Criminology Project 17
- New Directions Please! Veganising Green Criminology 34
- Men and the Climate Crisis: Why Masculinities Matter for Green Criminology 53
- Reconceptualising Gendered Dimensions of Illegal Wildlife Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa through Legal, Policy and Programmatic Means 72
- The Attitudes of People with Different Gender Identities and Different Perceptions of Gender Roles towards Nonhuman Animals and Their Welfare 97
-
Gendered Impacts and Victimisation
- Queering Green Criminology: The Impacts of Zoonotic Diseases on the LGBTQ Community 121
- Women and the Structural Violence of ‘Fast-Fashion’ Global Production: Victimisation, Poorcide and Environmental Harms 148
- Green Victims of the International Waste Industry: An Analysis from a Gender Perspective 170
- The Green Road Project and Women’s Green Victimisation in Turkey 187
- ‘Daughters of Dust’: An Eco-Feminist Analysis of Debt-for-Nature Swaps and Underage Marriage in Indonesia 205
-
Resistance
- Women’s Experiences of Environmental Harm in Colombia: Learning from Black, Decolonial and Indigenous Communitarian Feminisms 229
- Vegan Feminism Then and Now: Women’s Resistance to Legalised Speciesism across Three Waves of Activism 251
- ‘To Preserve and Promote’: Gendering Harm in Green Cultural Criminology 267
- David and Goliath: Exploring the Male Burdens of Patriarchal Capitalism 289
- Index 304
