Abstract
This paper proposes that the presence/absence of the Foot is parametric; that is, contra much previous research (see e. g. Selkirk, Elisabeth (1995). Sentence prosody: intonation, stress and phrasing. In J. Goldsmith (ed.) The handbook of phonological theory. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. 550–569., Vogel, Irene (2009). Universals of prosodic structure. In S. Scalise, E. Magni, & A. Bisetto (eds.) Universals of language today. Dordrecht: Springer. 59–82.), it is argued here that the Foot is not a universal constituent of the Prosodic Hierarchy; rather, some languages, such as Turkish and French, as well as early child languages, are footless. Several types of evidence are presented in support of this proposal, from both Turkish and French, as well as child English. A comparison of regular (word-final) and exceptional stress in Turkish reveals, for example, that regular “stress” is intonational prominence falling on the last syllable of prosodic words in the absence of foot structure. Both acoustic and formal evidence are presented in support of this proposal, as well as evidence from syntax-prosody interface. The paper also presents evidence for the footless status of French, which, unlike Turkish, is proposed to be completely footless. Several arguments are presented in support of this position, such as the fact that, in French, the domain of obligatory prominence is the Phonological Phrase (PPh), not the Prosodic Word (PWd); in a PPh consisting of several PWds, therefore, nonfinal PWds can surface without any kind of stress or prominence, suggesting that, at least for non-final PWds, one cannot assume stress or foot structure. Finally, the proposal is extended to additional languages, such as those demonstrating Default-to-Opposite Edge stress.
acknowledgments
I am truly indebted to Heather Goad for her extremely helpful comments and invaluable discussion, as well as inspiring me to follow this line of research in the first place. I am also grateful to three anonymous reviewers of The Linguistic Review, whose insights and suggestions were instrumental in shaping and refining this work and undoubtedly improved this manuscript.
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©2017 by De Gruyter Mouton
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Spanish participios activos are adjectival antipassives
- High vowel distribution and trochaic markedness in Québécois
- The apophonic chain and the form of weak and strong verbs in Palestinian Arabic
- Rhythmic parsing
- The Foot is not an obligatory constituent of the Prosodic Hierarchy: “stress” in Turkish, French and child English
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Spanish participios activos are adjectival antipassives
- High vowel distribution and trochaic markedness in Québécois
- The apophonic chain and the form of weak and strong verbs in Palestinian Arabic
- Rhythmic parsing
- The Foot is not an obligatory constituent of the Prosodic Hierarchy: “stress” in Turkish, French and child English