A review on the alterations in the brain of persistent postural-perceptual dizziness patients and non-pharmacological interventions for its management
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Li Sun
Abstract
Persistent postural perceptual dizziness (PPPD) is a relatively newer term, and this term is included in the International Classification of Diseases in its 11th revision. The typical features of PPPD include the presence of persistent dizziness, non-spinning vertigo, and unsteadiness, and these symptoms are exacerbated during upright posture, movement, or visual stimuli. Moreover, the structural changes have also been identified in the brains of PPPD patients, particularly in visual, vestibular, and limbic areas. These include a decrease in the volume and gyration of gray matter, a decrease in the blood flow to the cortex region, and alterations in the structural and functional connectivity, particularly in the visual-vestibular networks. Moreover, the impairment in sensory processing is restricted not only to the vestibular and visual regions; instead, there is a generalized impairment in the sensory processing, and thus, there is a multisensory dimension of sensory impairment. Selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are the mainstay drugs for the management of PPPD patients. However, a significant proportion of PPPD patients do not show improvement in response to standard drug therapy. The employment of alternative and complementary treatment strategies, including vestibular rehabilitation therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation, is effective in the management of PPPD patients. The present review discusses the alterations in the brains of PPPD patients along with the possible non-pharmacological treatment options in these types of patients.
Acknowledgment
The project was funded by the “Health Technology Innovation Project” of Jilin Province, grant number: 2019S083.
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©2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- GABAergic and glutamatergic effects on nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine release in the rat
- Fragmentation of brain apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and its relevance in Alzheimer's disease
- Cochlear synaptopathy: new findings in animal and human research
- Neurophysiologic implications of neuronal nitric oxide synthase
- Exploring the mechanisms of action of the antidepressant effect of the ketogenic diet
- The potential anti-depressant properties of dexmedetomidine infusion: a review of mechanistic, preclinical, and clinical evidence
- Role of kinaesthetic motor imagery in mirror-induced visual illusion as intervention in post-stroke rehabilitation
- A review on the alterations in the brain of persistent postural-perceptual dizziness patients and non-pharmacological interventions for its management
- A new method to predict anomaly in brain network based on graph deep learning
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- GABAergic and glutamatergic effects on nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine release in the rat
- Fragmentation of brain apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and its relevance in Alzheimer's disease
- Cochlear synaptopathy: new findings in animal and human research
- Neurophysiologic implications of neuronal nitric oxide synthase
- Exploring the mechanisms of action of the antidepressant effect of the ketogenic diet
- The potential anti-depressant properties of dexmedetomidine infusion: a review of mechanistic, preclinical, and clinical evidence
- Role of kinaesthetic motor imagery in mirror-induced visual illusion as intervention in post-stroke rehabilitation
- A review on the alterations in the brain of persistent postural-perceptual dizziness patients and non-pharmacological interventions for its management
- A new method to predict anomaly in brain network based on graph deep learning
