Lingala only? A history of the D. R. Congo’s ideologies and counter-ideologies of monolingualism

References

Anderson, Benedict. 1984. Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso.10.3817/0684060227Suche in Google Scholar

Bauman, Richard & Charles L. Briggs. 2003. Voices of modernity: Language ideologies and the politics of inequality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511486647Suche in Google Scholar

Berman, Edward H. 1971. American influence on African education: The role of the Phelps-Stokes Fund’s education commissions. Comparative Education Review 15(2). 132–145. https://doi.org/10.1086/445526.Suche in Google Scholar

Betts, Raymond F. 1961. Assimilation and association in French colonial theory, 1890–1914. New York: Columbia University Press.10.7312/bett90422Suche in Google Scholar

Bhabha, Homi. 1994. The location of culture. New York: Routledge.Suche in Google Scholar

Bittremieux, Leo. 1932. “Beschaafd” Kongoleesch [“Civilized” Congolese]. Hooger Leeven 6(47). 1686.Suche in Google Scholar

Bittremieux, Leo. 1936. Het talenvraagstuk in Belgisch-Kongo [The language question in the Belgian Congo]. Nieuw-Vlaanderen 2(13). 10–11. (continued in 2(15), p10).Suche in Google Scholar

Blommaert, Jan. 2005. Situating language rights: English and Swahili in Tanzania revisited. Journal of Sociolinguistics 9(3). 390–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-6441.2005.00298.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Blommaert, Jan. 2006. Language policy and national identity. In Thomas Ricento (ed.), An introduction to language policy, 238–254. Oxford: Blackwell.Suche in Google Scholar

Boelaert, Edmond. 1936. Een nationale Kongoleesche taal? [A national Congolese language?]. Nieuw-Vlaanderen 2(7). 24.Suche in Google Scholar

Boelaert, Edmond. 1958. Afrikaanse talen in het onderwijs in Belgisch-Congo [African languages in education in the Belgian Congo]. Bulletin des Séances de l’Académie Royale des Sciences Coloniales 4(4). 861–876.Suche in Google Scholar

Bokamba, Eyamba G. 1976. Authenticity and the choice of a national language: The case of Zaïre. Presence Africaine 99(100). 104–142.10.3917/presa.099.0104Suche in Google Scholar

Bokamba, Eyamba G. 2008. DR Congo: Language and ‘authentic nationalism’. In Andrew Simpson (ed.), Language and national identity in Africa, 214–234. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780199286744.003.0012Suche in Google Scholar

Bokula, Moiso. 1970. Conditions d’une langue nationale au Congo. Cahiers Congolais 13(2). 14–29.Suche in Google Scholar

Bolamba, Antoine-Roger. 1947. L’enseignement des Révérendes Dames. La Voix du Congolais 3(20). 855–859.Suche in Google Scholar

Bongongo, Léon. 1949. De l’éducation de nos filles. La Voix du Congolais 5(45). 465–471.Suche in Google Scholar

Büscher, Karen, Sigurd D’hondt & Michael Meeuwis. 2013. Recruiting a nonlocal language for performing local identity: Indexical appropriations of Lingala in the Congolese border town Goma. Language in Society 42(5). 527–556. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404513000651.Suche in Google Scholar

Castillo, Joshua. 2023. The power of language and the language of power: Sociolinguistic methods and social histories of language and political power in Mobutu’s Congo-Zaire (1965–1997). History in Africa 50. 7–39. https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2022.13.Suche in Google Scholar

Chirishungu, Emmanuel B. 1952. Le problème des langues au Congo. La Voix du Congolais 8(75). 323–325.Suche in Google Scholar

CMC (Congo Missionary Conference). 1921. Report of the eighth Congo general conference of protestant missionaries. Bolobo: Baptist Missionary Society.Suche in Google Scholar

Conklin, Alice L. 1997. A ‘mission to civilize’: The republican idea of empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Davies, D. Christy. 1915. The ‘Lingala’ or ‘Bula Matadi’ language. Congo Mission News 11. 12–13.Suche in Google Scholar

De Boeck, Egide. 1911. Over Lingala [About Lingala]. Onze Kongo 2. 238–240.Suche in Google Scholar

De Boeck, Louis B. 1952. Manuel de lingala tenant compte du langage parlé et du langage littéraire. Brussels: Editions de Scheut. Suche in Google Scholar

De Cleene, Natalis. 1936. Onze koloniale verhouding in verband met het streven naar een nationale taal in Kongo [Our colonial position in relation to the pursuit for a national language in Congo]. Elckerlyc 2(3). 25.Suche in Google Scholar

De Clercq, Auguste. 1934. Les langues communes au Congo belge. Congo 14(2). 161–167.Suche in Google Scholar

De Jonghe, Edouard. 1933. Les langues communes au Congo belge. Congo 2. 509–523.Suche in Google Scholar

De Jonghe, Edouard. 1935. Vers une langue nationale congolaise. Bulletin des Séances de l’Institut Royal Colonial Belge 6(2). 340–351.Suche in Google Scholar

De Jonghe, Edouard, Gaston Van Bulck, Ghislain Delcuve, Léon Lotar, Benoit Thoreau, Théophile Tielemans & H. Dubois. 1933. La question de la langue véhiculaire: Les langues littéraires communes au Congo: Kiswahili, Lingala, Kikongo, Kiluba. Comptes Rendus de la 11ième Semaine de Missiologie de Louvain. 60–78.Suche in Google Scholar

de Lichtervelde, Jacques, Gustave Dryepondt, Eugène Henry & Emile Wangermée. 1912. La question des langues au Congo Belge, discussion. Travaux du Groupe D’Études Coloniales de l’Institut de Sociologie Solvay 19(12). 905–918.Suche in Google Scholar

De Vlieger, Pieter. 2003. Tweeënveertig jaar koloniale hogeschool in België: Een historisch onderzoek naar de bestaansreden van een instituut [42 years of colonial college in Belgium: A historical research on the reason of existence of an institute]. Ghent University: MA thesis. https://lib.ugent.be/nl/catalog/rug01:000807715 (accessed 11 February 2025).Suche in Google Scholar

Djité, Paulin G. 2008. The sociolinguistics of development in Africa. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781847690470Suche in Google Scholar

Elge, C. 1926. Dictionnaire Bangala - Français - Flamand. Anvers: Kohler.Suche in Google Scholar

Errington, J. Joseph. 2008. Linguistics in a colonial world: A story of language, meaning, and power. London: Blackwell.10.1002/9780470690765Suche in Google Scholar

Fabian, Johannes. 1986. Language and colonial power: The appropriation of Swahili in the former Belgian Congo, 1880–1938. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Franck, Louis. 1920. Dans nos possessions africaines. Flambeau 3(11). 662–678.Suche in Google Scholar

Franck, Louis. 1927. Professor Vercoullie en de Bantu-talen in Congo [Professor Vercoullie and the Bantu languages in Congo]. Album opgedragen aan Prof. Dr. J. Vercoullie 1857–1927. 269–272.Suche in Google Scholar

Franck, Louis. 1929. La question des langues au Congo. Flambeau 12(9). 1–9.Suche in Google Scholar

Franck, Louis. 1934. Le Roi Albert et la colonie du Congo. Flambeau 17(3/4). 345–354.Suche in Google Scholar

Gelders, Valère. 1944. La langue commune au Congo. Bulletin des Séances de l’Institut Royal Colonial Belge 15(2). 286–313.Suche in Google Scholar

Gott, Richard. 1996. Che guevara and the Congo. New Left Review 220. 3–35. https://newleftreview.org/issues/i220/articles/richard-gott-che-guevera-and-the-congo (accessed 11 February 2025).Suche in Google Scholar

Gregory, Derek. 2004. The colonial present. Malden: Wiley.Suche in Google Scholar

Haas, William. 1920. Concerning lingala. Congo Mission News 31. 10–12.Suche in Google Scholar

Heller, Monica & Bonnie McElhinny. 2017. Language, capitalism, colonialism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Hensey, Andrew F. 1920. Colonial minister’s visit to Bolenge, suggested Lingala commission. Congo Mission News 33. 11.Suche in Google Scholar

Hulstaert, Gustaaf. 1936. Het talenvraagstuk in Belgisch-Kongo [The language question in the Belgian Congo]. Kongo-Overzee 3(1). 49–68.Suche in Google Scholar

Ikambana, Jean-Louis Peta. 2006. Mobutu’s totalitarian political system: An afrocentric analysis. London: Taylor & Francis.10.4324/9780203942413Suche in Google Scholar

Ilunga, Léon-Georges. 1945. L’enseignement dans le Congo de demain. La Voix du Congolais 1(5). 175–176.Suche in Google Scholar

Ives, Peter. 2004. Language and hegemony in Gramsci. London: Pluto.Suche in Google Scholar

Jackson, W. 1921. Official languages: Discussion. In Report of the eighth Congo general conference of protestant missionaries, 109. Bolobo: Baptist Missionary Society.Suche in Google Scholar

Jones, Thomas J. 1921. L’éducation des nègres: Rapport de la mission d’études du « Phelps Stokes Fund ». Congo 2. 162–175.Suche in Google Scholar

Kajiga, Gaspard. 1967a. Pour une langue nationale congolaise. Kinshasa.Suche in Google Scholar

Kajiga, Gaspard. 1967b. Grammaire swahili: Initiation à la culture ntu. Goma: St. Paul.Suche in Google Scholar

Kangafu, Kutumbagana. 1973. Discours sur l’authenticité: Essai sur la problématique idéologique du ‘recours à l’authenticité. Kinshasa: Presses Africaines.Suche in Google Scholar

Kazadi, Ntole. 1987. Rapport général. Linguistique et Sciences Humaines 27. 282–289.Suche in Google Scholar

Kervyn, Edouard. 1911. Les missions catholiques du Congo Belge. La Revue Congolaise 1. 284–307.Suche in Google Scholar

Kestergat, Jean. 1989. Juillet 60: de mutineries en sécessions. In Bernard Adam (ed.), Congo-Zaïre, 59–70 Brussels: GRIP.Suche in Google Scholar

Kirby, William R. 1918. The progress of lingala. Report of the seventh Congo general conference of protestant missionaries, 90–94. Luebo: Baptist Missionary Society.Suche in Google Scholar

Kita, Pierre. 1982. Colonisation et enseignement: Cas du Zaïre avant 1960. Bukavu: Ceruki.Suche in Google Scholar

Kwezi, Rudolph. 1974. Les membres du comité directeur de l’Association Nationale des Linguistes du Zaïre ont été élus. Taifa (newspaper) 27 May 1974. 6.Suche in Google Scholar

Liesenborghs, Oswald. 1941–1942. Beschouwingen over wezen, nut en toekomst der zoogenaamde “Linguae francae” van Belgisch Kongo [Reflections on the essence, use and future of the so-called “Linguae francae” of the Belgian Congo]. Kongo-Overzee 7. 87–99.Suche in Google Scholar

Lufuluabo, Mukeba. 1988. Some aspects of bilingualism and bilingual education in Zaire. In Christina B. Paulston (ed.), International handbook of bilingualism and bilingual education, 561–577. New York: Greenwood.Suche in Google Scholar

Luyckfasseel, Margot. 2021. Kongo with a K: Acoustic repertoires and hegemony in Kinshasa. Ghent: Ghent University dissertation.Suche in Google Scholar

Luyckfasseel, Margot. 2023. “How will God hear us?”: Sonic and linguistic difference among Kinshasa’s Églises des Noirs. Africa 93(3). 351–370. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001972023000542.Suche in Google Scholar

Luyckfasseel, Margot & Michael Meeuwis. 2018. Ethnicity and language in the run-up to Congolese independence in the 1950s: Ba(ki)kongo and Ba(Li)Ngala. Language Matters 49(3). 86–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/10228195.2018.1496133.Suche in Google Scholar

Mabika-Kalanda, Auguste. 1966. La remise en question: Base de décolonisation mentale. Kinshasa: Remarques Africaines.Suche in Google Scholar

Makutu, Nyim & Bahek Ngwakombe. 1989. Notes sur la politique linguistique du Zaïre. Africa 44(4). 648–656.Suche in Google Scholar

Massoz, Michel. 1984. Le Zaïre authentique. Liège: Blonden.Suche in Google Scholar

Mateene, Kahombo. 1967. Du choix du lingala comme langue nationale. Voix Muntu 4(10). 7–12.Suche in Google Scholar

Mateene, Kahombo. 1971. Paper presented at the UNESCO meeting of experts on the promotion of African languages in Eastern and Central Africa as media of culture and Life- long education, Dar-es-Salaam, 15-21 December 1971. The promotion of African languages as languages of instruction in Central Africaunesdoc.unesco.org/images/0000/000001/000182eb.pdfSuche in Google Scholar

Mazrui, Ali A. & Al’Amin M. Mazrui. 1996. The political culture of language: Swahili, society, and the State. Binghamton: Global Publishing ProjectSuche in Google Scholar

Mbulamoko, Nzenge Movoambe. 1987. Discours d’ouverture. Linguistique et Sciences Humaines 27. 268–274.Suche in Google Scholar

Mbunda, I. Teka. 1989. Langues, culture et développement, Réflexions critiques sur la problématique de la politique linguistique au Zaïre. Cahiers Economiques et Sociaux 23. 125–153.Suche in Google Scholar

Meeuwis, Michael. 2004. Joseph Tanghe et le lingala. Annales Aequatoria 25. 399–431. https://doi.org/10.4314/aq.v25i1.5609.Suche in Google Scholar

Meeuwis, Michael. 2007. Multilingualism as injustice: African claims on colonial language policies in the Belgian Congo. In Pol Cuvelier, Theodorus du Plessis, Michael Meeuwis & Lut Teck (eds.), Multilingualism and exclusion: Policy, practice and prospects, 117–131. Pretoria: Van Schaik.Suche in Google Scholar

Meeuwis, Michael. 2011. The origins of Belgian colonial language policies in the Congo. Language Matters 42(2). 190–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/10228195.2011.571704.Suche in Google Scholar

Meeuwis, Michael. 2017. Language legislation in the Belgian Colonial Charter of 1908: A textual-historical analysis. In Tove Skutnabb-Kangas & Robert Phillipson (eds.), Language policy in education: Violations or rights for all? 261–278. London: Routledge.Suche in Google Scholar

Meeuwis, Michael. 2020. A grammatical overview of lingála: Revised and extended edition. München: Lincom.Suche in Google Scholar

Meeuwis, Michael. 2023. The dissociation of Lingala from Bangala in historical perspective: A prolegomenon to the study of present-day north-eastern Bangala. In Nico Nassenstein & Janika Kunzmann (eds.), Lingala: Current topics/Sujets d’Actualité, 37–57. Cologne: Köppe.Suche in Google Scholar

Mekoa, Itumeleng. 2020. The politics and nuances of language in South Africa: A critical appraisal. Journal of African Languages and Literary Studies 1(1). 55–69. https://doi.org/10.31920/2633-2116/2020/1n1a3.Suche in Google Scholar

Metzger, Paul. 1922. Industry, reception and languages. Congo Mission News 38. 11–12.Suche in Google Scholar

Motingea, Mangulu. 1996. Le lingala du Pool Malebo: Éléments de structure phonologique et morphonologique. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 46. 55–117.Suche in Google Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2005. Globalization and the myth of killer languages: What’s really going on? In Graham Huggan & Stephan Klasen (eds.), Perspectives on endangerment, 19–48. New York: Olms.Suche in Google Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2023. Sound language policies must be consistent with natural language evolution. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 281. 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2022-0084.Suche in Google Scholar

Mufwene, Salikoko S. & Cécile B. Vigouroux. 2008. Colonization, globalization and language vitality in Africa: An introduction. In C. B. Vigouroux & S. S. Mufwene (eds.), Globalization and language vitality: Perspectives from Africa, 1–31. London: Continuum.Suche in Google Scholar

Mulumba, Mabi & Matamba Makombo. 1986. Cadres et dirigeants au Zaïre: Qui sont-ils? Kinshasa: CRP.Suche in Google Scholar

Mutombo, Hatu-Mukana. 1984. Pour ou contre l’unicité linguistique au Zaïre. Analyses Sociales 1. 27–37.Suche in Google Scholar

Ndaywel, è. Nziem Isidore. 2009. Aux origines de l’État congolais: La Loi Fondamentale (1960–1964), transition sans héritage et héritage sans transition. Bulletin des Seances de l’Academie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-Mer 55(4). 457–475.Suche in Google Scholar

Ndaywel, è. Nziem Isidore. 2021. Histoire du Congo: Des origines à nos jours. Bruxelles: Le Cri.Suche in Google Scholar

Ndolo, Menayame. 1992. Language situation, language planning and nationhood: The case of Zaïre. New York: State University of New York dissertation.Suche in Google Scholar

Ngalasso, Mwatha Musanji. 1986. État des langues et langues de l’État au Zaïre. Politique Africaine 23. 7–27.10.3406/polaf.1986.3828Suche in Google Scholar

Ngalasso, Mwatha Musanji. 1991. Tons ou accents? Analyse des schèmes tonals du kikongo parlé dans la région de Bandundu (Zaïre). Études Creoles 14(2). 147–162.Suche in Google Scholar

Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o. 1986. Decolonising the mind: The politics of language in African literature. London: Heinemann.Suche in Google Scholar

Nsuka, Yvon. 1987. Langues nationales et éducation: Langues nationales dans l’éducation formelle. Linguistique et Sciences Humaines 27. 5–17.Suche in Google Scholar

Nyembwe, Ntita & Ntole Kazadi (eds.). 1987. Utilisation des langues nationales – Actes du colloque sur les langues nationales, Kinshasa, 11–16 mars 1985, 27. Kinshasa: Linguistique et Sciences Humaines.Suche in Google Scholar

Nyunda, ya Rubango. 1986a. Langue, société et dévéloppement. Linguistique et Sciences Humaines 27(1). 69–88.Suche in Google Scholar

Nyunda, ya Rubango. 1986b. Le français au Zaïre: Langue « supérieure » et chances de « survie » dans un pays africain. Language Problems and Language Planning 10(3). 253–271. https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.10.3.02rub.Suche in Google Scholar

Palmer, Allan. 1911. The Bula-Matadi language (Bangala) as an instrument in mission work. Report of the sixth Congo general conference of protestant missionaries. 72–75.Suche in Google Scholar

Poncelet, Marc. 2008. L’invention des sciences coloniales belges. Paris: Karthala.Suche in Google Scholar

Poncelet, Marc. 2020. Colonial ideology, colonial sciences and colonial sociology in Belgium. The American Sociologist 51. 148–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-020-09455-z.Suche in Google Scholar

Reyes, Angela. 2023. Postcolonial semiotics. In Alessandro Duranti, Rachel George & Robin Conley Riner (eds.), A new companion to linguistic anthropology, 107–121. Hoboken: Wiley.10.1002/9781119780830.ch6Suche in Google Scholar

Robinson, Morgan. 2022. A language for the world: The standardization of Swahili. Athens: Ohio University Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Salongo. 1973. Le chef de l’état decide d’instaurer un dialogue permanent entre la jeunesse estudiantine et les cadres dirigeants du Parti. Salongo (newspaper) 1973, 1–2.Suche in Google Scholar

Salongo. 1974. Au marge de premier séminaire des linguistes du Zaïre: 5. Nos conclusions et considérations. Salongo (newspaper) 3 June. 1974.Suche in Google Scholar

Samarin, William J. 1986. Protestant missions and the history of Lingala. Journal of Religion in Africa 16(2). 138–163. https://doi.org/10.1163/157006686X00100.Suche in Google Scholar

Samarin, William J. 1990. The origins of Kituba and Lingala. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 12. 47–77 https://doi.org/10.1515/jall.1991.12.1.47.Suche in Google Scholar

Seghers, Maud. 2004. Phelps-Stokes in Congo: Transferring educational policy discourse to govern metropole and colony. Paedagogica Historica 40(4). 455–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/0030923042000250009 (accessed 11 February 2025).Suche in Google Scholar

Service de l’Enseignement Congo, Belge. 1952. Organisation de l’enseignement libre subsidié pour indigènes avec le concours des sociétés de missions chrétiennes, dispositions générales. Léopoldville: Service de l’enseignement du Congo Belge.Suche in Google Scholar

Sesep, N’Sial. 1986. L’expansion du Lingala. Linguistique et Sciences Humaines 27(1). 19–48.Suche in Google Scholar

Stapleton, Walter H. 1903. Suggestions for a grammar of “Bangala”: The “Lingua Franca” of the Upper Congo. Yakusu: Baptist Missionary Society.Suche in Google Scholar

Stapleton, Walter H. 1904. Letter of 1904-01-01 to Alfred H. Baynes, BMS secretary in London. Oxford, UK, Box Stapleton: Archives of the Baptist Missionary Society, Angus Library and Archives, Regent’s Park College.Suche in Google Scholar

Stapleton, Walter H. & Frank Longland. 1914. Suggestions for a grammar of “Bangala”. The “lingua franca” of the Upper Congo. Bolobo: Baptist Missionary Society.Suche in Google Scholar

Stapleton, Walter H. & William Millman. 1911. Propositions pour une grammaire de « Bangala » (La « lingua franca » du Haut Congo) et un vocabulaire français-bangala-swahili. Yakusu: Baptist Missionary Society.Suche in Google Scholar

Stewart, Gary. 2000. Rumba on the river: A history of the popular music of the two Congos. London: Verso.Suche in Google Scholar

Stoler, Ann L. 2016. Duress: Imperial durabilities in our times. Durham: Duke (accessed 11 February 2025).10.2307/j.ctv125jn2sSuche in Google Scholar

Tanghe, Joseph. 1944. Le swahili, langue de grande expansion. Bulletin des Séances de l’Institut Royal Colonial Belge 15(2). 174–197.Suche in Google Scholar

Tödt, Daniel. 2021. The Lumumba generation: African bourgeoisie and colonial distinction in the Belgian Congo. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110709308Suche in Google Scholar

Van Caeneghem, Raf. 1944. Le Luba, langue commune congolaise. Lovania 5. 118–123.Suche in Google Scholar

Van der Kerken, Georges. 1943. La politique coloniale belge. Antwerp: Les Editions Zaïre.Suche in Google Scholar

Van der Kerken, Georges. 1944. Le swahili, langue de grande expansion. Bulletin des Séances de l’Institut Royal Colonial Belge 15(2). 234–267.Suche in Google Scholar

Van Lierde, Jean. 1963. La pensée politique de Patrice Lumumba. Paris: Présence Africaine.Suche in Google Scholar

Vanysacker, Dries. 2018. Une page oubliée dans l’histoire des Semaines de missiologie de Louvain. In Mathijs Lamberigts & Ward De Pril (eds.), Louvain, Belgium, and beyond: Studies in religious history, 183–196. Leuven: Peeters.10.2307/j.ctv1q26zgt.14Suche in Google Scholar

Wagner, Florian. 2022. Colonial internationalism and the governmentality of empire, 1893–1982. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (accessed 11 February 2025).10.1017/9781009072229Suche in Google Scholar

Wee, Lionel. 2010. Neutrality in language policy. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 31(4). 421–434. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2010.489951 (accessed 11 February 2025).Suche in Google Scholar

Whitehead, John. 1904. Language. Report of the second Congo general conference of protestant missionaries, 48–52. Léopoldville: Baptist Missionary Society.Suche in Google Scholar

Yanga, Tshimpaka. 1998. Harmonisation, standardisation and the emergence of ‘state languages’. In Kwesu Kwaa Prah (ed.), Between distinction & extinction: The harmonisation and standardisation of African languages, 173–202. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand.Suche in Google Scholar

Yates, Barbara A. 1980. The origins of language policy in Zaïre. The Journal of Modern African Studies 18(2). 257–279. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00011332 (accessed 11 February 2025).Suche in Google Scholar

Yellin, Eric S. 2002. The (White) search for (Black) order: The Phelps-Stokes Fund’s first twenty years, 1911–1931. The Historian 65(2). 319–352. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6563.00023.Suche in Google Scholar