Startseite Stylistic techniques to generate humor: an analysis of humorous instructive examples cited in the Gardens of Magic
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Stylistic techniques to generate humor: an analysis of humorous instructive examples cited in the Gardens of Magic

  • Shahrouz Khanjari

    Shahrouz Khanjari holds a Ph.D. in Middle Eastern Studies from McGill University (2021) and a Ph.D. in Persian Literature from the University of Tehran (2014). His research focuses on comparative literature, rhetoric, literary criticism, stylistics, and rhetorical analysis with a specialization in Persian and Arabic literature. During his doctoral studies, he explored the function of stylistic techniques and metaphorical structures in classical Persian and Arabic literary texts. He currently collaborates on research projects related to Persian literature at McGill University.

    ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 26. März 2025
HUMOR
Aus der Zeitschrift HUMOR Band 38 Heft 2

Abstract

This article scrutinizes the utilization of stylistic devices for the generation of humor in literature, with a particular focus on Ḥadāʾiq al-Siḥr fī Daqāʾiq al-Shiʿr (Gardens of Magic in the Minutiae of Poetry), authored by Rashīd al-Dīn Waṭwaṭ (d. 1182). Functioning as a comprehensive guide to figures of speech and literary eloquence, Ḥadāʾiq al-Siḥr employs examples from both Arabic and Persian literature to elucidate its principles. While primarily devoted to panegyrics, Ḥadāʾiq al-Siḥr does not disregard humor, employing humorous samples to clarify the subtleties of this genre. Waṭwaṭ, adhering to the medieval pedagogical tradition, furnishes concise explanations coupled with multiple illustrations, demanding an in-depth analysis of instructive examples to unveil their intricacies. Employing the script-based theory of analyzing humor, this study scrutinizes humorous instances within Ḥadāʾiq al-Siḥr, providing insights into Waṭwaṭ’s approach to comedic elements in literature. Beyond this, the article explores the foundational aspects of humor creation within the medieval literary conventions of Persian and Arabic, thereby contributing to a nuanced comprehension of this literary genre.


Corresponding author: Shahrouz Khanjari, McGill University Alumnus, 845 Sherbrooke St W, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada, E-mail:

About the author

Shahrouz Khanjari

Shahrouz Khanjari holds a Ph.D. in Middle Eastern Studies from McGill University (2021) and a Ph.D. in Persian Literature from the University of Tehran (2014). His research focuses on comparative literature, rhetoric, literary criticism, stylistics, and rhetorical analysis with a specialization in Persian and Arabic literature. During his doctoral studies, he explored the function of stylistic techniques and metaphorical structures in classical Persian and Arabic literary texts. He currently collaborates on research projects related to Persian literature at McGill University.

References

Abū Nuwās, al-Ḥasan ibn Hānī. 1953. Dīwān. Edited by Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Ghazzālī. Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī.Suche in Google Scholar

Ammann, Ludwig. 1993. Vorbild und Vernunft, Die Regelung von Lachen und Scherzen im mittelalterlichen Islam. Hildesheim; New York: G. Olms.Suche in Google Scholar

Attardo, Salvatore. 2010. Linguistic theories of humor. Berlin – New York: De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110219029Suche in Google Scholar

Attardo, Salvatore & Victor Raskin. 1991. Script theory revis(it)ed: Joke similarity and joke representation model. Humor 4(3-4). 293–348. https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.1991.4.3-4.293.Suche in Google Scholar

al-Bākharzī, ʿAlī. 1993. Dumyat al-Qaṣr wa ʿUṣarat Ahl al-ʿAṣr. Edited by Muḥammad al-Tannūkhī. III vols. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl.Suche in Google Scholar

Bonebakker, Seeger A. 1966. Some early definitions of the Tawriya and Ṣafadī’s Faḍḍ al- Xitām ʻan at-Tawriya wa-ʼl-Istixdām. The Hague, Paris: Moulton & Co.Suche in Google Scholar

Bonebakker, Seeger A. 1967. Reflections on the Kitāb al-badīʿ of Ibn al-Muʿtazz. In Atti del Terzo Congresso di Studi Arabi i Islami. Ravello, 1-6 Settembre 1966, 191–209. Naples: Istituto universitario orientale.Suche in Google Scholar

Brockelmann, Carl & Charles Pellat. 1991. MAḲĀMA. In Wolfhart Heinrichs, Emeri J. van Donzel, Charles Pellat & Clifford E. Bosworth (eds.), The encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edn., Vol. VI (MAHK—MID), 107–115. Leiden: E.J. Brill.Suche in Google Scholar

Chalisova, Natalia. 2009. Persian Rhetoric: Elm-e Badī’ and Elm-e Bayān. In Johannes Thomas Pieter de Bruijn & Ehsan Yarshater (eds.), General introduction to Persian literature. London – New York: I. B. Tauris.10.5040/9780755610396.ch-006Suche in Google Scholar

Davidson, Olga M. 2012. Bawdy anecdotes in religious settings: Examples from medieval Persian literature. In Dominic P. Brookshaw (ed.), Ruse and wit: The humorous in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish narrative, 70–83. Boston, Mass.: Ilex Foundation.Suche in Google Scholar

Eubanks, Philip. 2017. Epilogue: Metaphors for language and communication. In Elena Semino & Zsófia Demjén (eds.), The Routledge handbook of metaphor and language, 517–528. London and New York: Routledge.Suche in Google Scholar

al-Farrāʾ, Abū Zakarīyāʾ Yaḥyā. 1955. Maʿānī al-Qurʾān. Edited by Aḥmad Yūsuf Najātī and Muḥammad ʿAlī al-Najjār. III vols. Cairo: Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣriyya.Suche in Google Scholar

Farrell, Jeremy. 2018. Comic Authority; sarcasm in pre-modern Arabic literature. In Alan Baragona & Elizabeth L. Rambo (eds.), Words that tear the flesh: Essays on sarcasm in medieval and early modern literature and cultures, 85–117. Berlin – Boston: De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110563252-006Suche in Google Scholar

Fauconnier, Gilles & Mark Turner. 2003. In Mark Turner (ed.), The way we think: Conceptual blending and the mind’s hidden complexities. New York: Basic Books.Suche in Google Scholar

al-Ḥamawī, Yāqūt. 1993. Muʿjam al-Udabāʾ. Edited by Iḥsān ʿAbbās. VII vols. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī.Suche in Google Scholar

Hempelmann, Christian F. 2004. Script opposition and logical mechanism in punning. Humor 17(4). 381–392. https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.2004.17.4.381.Suche in Google Scholar

Hussein, Ali Ahmad. 2022. The fat bride and the foolish messengers: Humorizing the love theme in an early Islamic poem. Humor 35(2). 253–274. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2021-0060.Suche in Google Scholar

Ibn al-Muʿtazz, ʿAbd Allāh. 1953. Kitāb al-Badīʿ. Edited by Ignatius Kratchovsky. London: E. J.W. Gibb Memorial.Suche in Google Scholar

Jäkel, Olaf. 1999. Is metaphor really a one-way street? One of the basic tenets of the cognitive theory of metaphor put to the test. In Leon G. De Stadler & Christoph Eyrich (eds.), Issues in cognitive linguistics: 1993 proceedings of the international cognitive linguistics conference, 367–388. Berlin – New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Suche in Google Scholar

Jirāb al-Daula, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. 1997. Min Kitāb Tarwīḥ al-Arwāḥ wa Miftāḥ al-Surūr wa al-Afrāḥ. Edited by Ibrāhīm al-Sāmurrāʾī. Amman, Jordan: Dār al-Karmil.Suche in Google Scholar

Katouzian, Homa. 2024. Humour in Iran : Eleven-hundred years of satire and humour in persian literature. London – New York – Dublin: I B Tauris.10.5040/9780755652150Suche in Google Scholar

Khanjari, Shahrouz. 2023. Īhām, or the technique of double meaning in literature: Its theory and practice in the twelfth century. Iranian Studies 56(3). 457–469. https://doi.org/10.1017/irn.2023.22.Suche in Google Scholar

al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, Abū Bakr Aḥmad. 1964. al-Bukhalāʾ. Edited by Aḥmad Maṭlūb, Khadīja al-Ḥadīthī and Aḥmad Nājī al-Qaysī. Baghdad: al-Majmaʿ al-ʿIlmī al-ʿIrāqī.Suche in Google Scholar

Khazāʾilī, Muḥammad. 1965. Sharḥ-i Gulistān. Tehran: Aḥmad ʿIlmī.Suche in Google Scholar

King, Anya. 2008. The importance of imported aromatics in Arabic culture: Illustrations from pre-Islamic and early Islamic poetry. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 67(3). 175–189. https://doi.org/10.1086/591746.Suche in Google Scholar

Kishtainy, Khalid. 1985. Arab political humour. London. New York, Melbourne: Quartet Books.Suche in Google Scholar

Kövecses, Zoltán. 2015. Where metaphors come from: Reconsidering context in metaphor. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190224868.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar

Lakoff, George. 1990. The invariance hypothesis: Is abstract reason based on image-schemas? Cognitive Linguistics 1(1). 39–74. https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.1990.1.1.39.38.Suche in Google Scholar

Lakoff, George & Mark Turner. 1989. More than cool reason: A field guide to poetic metaphor. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226470986.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar

Lewin, Bob. 1979. Ibn al-Muʿtazz. In The encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. III, 892–893. Leiden: Brill.Suche in Google Scholar

al-Malāʾika, Nāzik. 1962. Qaḍāyā al-Shiʿr al-Muʿāṣir. Baghdad: Maktabat al-Nahḍa.Suche in Google Scholar

al-Marghīnānī, Abū al-Ḥasan Naṣr. 1987. Al-Maḥāsin fī ‘l-naẓm wa-’l-nathr. In Geert J. van Gelder (ed.), Two Arabic treatises on stylistics: al-Marghīnānī’s al-Maḥāsin fī ‘l-naẓm wa-’l-nathr, and Ibn Aflaḥ’s Muqaddima, formerly ascribed to al-Marghīhānī, 66–110. Istanbul: Nederlands Historische-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul.Suche in Google Scholar

Margoliouth, David S. & Charles Pellat. 1986. AL-ḤARĪRĪ. In Joseph F. Schacht, Victor L. Ménage, Beranrd Lewis & Charles Pellat (eds.), The encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edn., vol. III (H-IRAM), 221–222. Leiden: E.J. Brill.Suche in Google Scholar

Marzolph, Ulrich. 1992. Arabia ridens: Die humoristische Kurzprosa der frühen adab-Literatur im internationalen Traditionsgeflecht, vol. 2. Frankfurt am Main: V. Klostermann.Suche in Google Scholar

Marzolph, Ulrich. 2000. The Qoran and jocular literature. Arabica 47(3). 478–487. https://doi.org/10.1163/157005800774230308.Suche in Google Scholar

Müller, Ralph. 2015. A metaphorical perspective on humour. In Geert Brône, Kurt Feyaerts & Tony Veale (eds.), Cognitive Linguistics a humor research, 111–128. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110346343-006Suche in Google Scholar

Neuwirth, Angelika. 2009. Ayyu ḥarajin ʿalā man anshaʾa mulaḥan? Al-Ḥarīrī’s plea for the legitimacy of playful transgressions of social norms. In Georges Tamer (ed.), Humor in der arabischen Kultur, 241–254. Berlin – New York: De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110211061.3.233Suche in Google Scholar

Rādūyānī, Muḥammad. 1949. Kitāb Tarcumān al-balāġa. Edited by Ahmed Ateş. İstanbul: İbrahim Horoz Basımevi.Suche in Google Scholar

Rashwan, Hany. 2020. Arabic Jinās is not pun, wortspiel, calembour, or paronomasia: Post-eurocentric approach to the conceptual untranslatability of literary terms in Arabic and ancient Egyptian cultures. Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 38(4). 335–370. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2020.38.4.335.Suche in Google Scholar

Raskin, Victor. 1985. Semantic mechanisms of humor. Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster: Springer Netherlands.10.1007/978-94-009-6472-3Suche in Google Scholar

Rosenthal, Franz. 1956. Humor in early Islam. Leiden: E.J. Brill.10.1163/9789004619395Suche in Google Scholar

Rypka, Jan. 1959. Iranische Literaturgeschichte. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz.10.1515/9783112612743Suche in Google Scholar

al-Sakkākī, Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf. 1983. Miftāḥ al-ʿUlūm. Edited by Naʿīm Zurzūr. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya.Suche in Google Scholar

Samarqandī, Daulat-shāh. 1901. Tadhkirat al-Shuʿarāʾ. Edited by Edward Granville Browne. Leiden: Brill.Suche in Google Scholar

Schimmel, Annemarie. 1992. A two-colored brocade: The imagery of Persian poetry. Chapel Hill & London: University of North Carolina Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Sezgin, Fuat. 1975. Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums, vol. II. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.Suche in Google Scholar

Stetkevych, Suzanne P. 1991. Abū Tammām and the poetics of the ʻAbbāsid age. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.10.1163/9789004663060Suche in Google Scholar

Tamer, Georges. 2009. Religion and humor. The Qurʿān and humor. In Georges Tamer (ed.), Humor in der arabischen Kultur/Humor in Arabic culture, 3–28. Berlin: De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110211061.1.3Suche in Google Scholar

Taylor, Julia M. 2014. Linguistic theories of humor. In Salvatore Attardo (ed.), Encyclopedia of humor studies, 455–457. Los Angeles – London: SAGE Publications, Inc.Suche in Google Scholar

al-Thaʿālibī, Abū Manṣūr. 1907. Aḥsanu mā Samiʿtu. Edited by Muḥammad Ṣādiq ʿAnbar. Cairo: al-Jumhūr.Suche in Google Scholar

Triezenberg, Katrina E. 2008. Humor in literature. In Victor Raskin (ed.), The primer of humor research, 523–542. Berlin – New York: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110198492.523Suche in Google Scholar

van Gelder, Geert J. 1987. Two Arabic treatises on stylistics : al-Marghīnānī’s al-Maḥāsin fī ‘l-naẓm wa-’l-nathr, and Ibn Aflaḥ’s Muqaddima, formerly ascribed to al-Marghīhānī. Istanbul: Nederlands Historische-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul.Suche in Google Scholar

van Gelder, Geert J. 1992. Mixtures of jest and earnest in classical Arabic literature. Part II. Journal of Arabic Literature 23(3). 169–190. https://doi.org/10.1163/157006492x00015.Suche in Google Scholar

van Gelder, Geert J. 2009. Traditional literary theory: The Arabic background. In Johannes Thomas Pieter Bruijn & Ehsan Yarshater (eds.), General introduction to Persian literature, 123–139. London – New York: I. B. Tauris.10.5040/9780755610396.ch-005Suche in Google Scholar

Waṭwāṭ, Rashīd al-Dīn. 1929. Ḥadāʾiq al-Siḥr fī Daqāʾiq al-Shiʿr. Edited by ʿAbbās Iqbāl. Tehran: Majlis.Suche in Google Scholar

Waṭwāṭ, Rashīd al-Dīn. 1959. Nāma-hā-yi Rashīd al-Dīn Waṭwāṭ. Edited by Qāsim Tūysirkānī. Tehran: Dānishgāh-i Tihrān.Suche in Google Scholar

Waṭwāṭ, Rashīd al-Dīn. 1960. Dīwān. Edited by Saʿīd Nafīsī. Tehran: Kitābḵāna-yi Bārānī.Suche in Google Scholar

Waṭwāṭ, Rashīd al-Dīn. 1997. Laṭāʾif al-Amthāl wa Ṭarāʾif al-Aqwāl. Edited by Ḥabība Dānishāmūz. Tehran: Mīrāth-i Maktūb.Suche in Google Scholar

Received: 2024-02-23
Accepted: 2024-12-16
Published Online: 2025-03-26
Published in Print: 2025-05-26

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Heruntergeladen am 3.10.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/humor-2024-0094/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen