Adsorptive remediation of bromocresol green dye in an aqueous solution using acid activated carbon adsorbent
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Minar Mohamed Lebbai
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Bhuvaneshwari Soundarajan
Abstract
In this study, sawdust-derived activated carbon (SDAC) was synthesized from rubberwood sawdust through phosphoric acid activation followed by carbonization. Characterization of SDAC before and after adsorption, using various analytical techniques, confirmed considerable changes on activated carbon’s surface. Batch adsorption studies were performed to evaluate the removal efficiency of bromocresol green (BCG) dye under varying conditions of initial BCG concentration (25–100 mg/L), SDAC dosage (0.25–1.0 g/L) and adsorption time (0–60 min). The results revealed that SDAC achieved a high removal efficiency of 99.7 % and a maximum capacity of 83.65 mg/g. The experimental data closely fit the Langmuir isotherm model, with a theoretical maximum capacity of 85.47 mg/g, and followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating a chemical adsorption process. These results confirm SDAC as a highly effective and sustainable adsorbent for dye remediation in aqueous environments.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to sincerely thank the instrumentation laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Calicut, for providing the TGA, FTIR analysis and facility of DST-FIST Scheme of the Government of India (FIST No. SR/FST/ET-1/2020/646). Further extended our sincere thanks to Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India and SEM Centre, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NITC, for providing the facility under the scheme ‘fund for improvement of science and technology’ (FIST – No. SR/FST/ET-I/2021/840) during the period of research work.
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study, or their legal guardians or wards.
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Author contributions: Minar Mohamed Lebbai: Methodology, Investigation, Visualization, Resources, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing–draft. Mullai Venthan: Methodology, Investigation, Writing–draft. Muhammed Ameen: Methodology, Investigation, Writing–draft. Naren Mahalingam: Methodology, Investigation. Pandurangarao: Methodology, Investigation. Bhuvaneshwari Soundararajan: Project administration, data curation, supervision, formal analysis, writing–review & editing, resource validation. Susmita Das: Data curation, Writing–review & editing, resource validation, Conceptualization, Formal analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
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Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.
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Research funding: None declared.
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Data availability: The authors declare that all data related to this study are available within this article.
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