Automatic hate speech detection: a case study on online comments with a focus on self-victimisation and sentiment
Abstract
This study investigates the correlation of hate speech and self-victimisation by focusing on below-the-line (BTL) comments on Ukrainians in Polish news articles and blogs. The comments analysed were posted between 20/04/2020 and 19/04/2021 and therefore before the Russian invasion in February 2022. The analysis was based on two corpora, one representative and one tailored corpus, and a two-tier methodology with a quantitative and a qualitative phase. The quantitative phase was conducted on Sketch Engine, and it focused on identifying and extracting a self-victimisation trope through the lexemes we-they, victim, Pole, Ukrainian. The qualitative phase focused on the BTL comments’ general sentiment towards Ukrainians. Two software packages were used, MultiEmo and HateSpeech (CLARIN-PL), and the respective results were compared. The findings show that on average 30 % of the comments feature negative sentiment, but not hate speech per se, however the self-victimisation trope is notable and worthy of further investigation. Recommendations are provided to fine-tune the software and increase manual annotation in follow-up studies.
Funding source: British Academy
Award Identifier / Grant number: Leverhulme Small Research Grants SRG 23\231153
Award Identifier / Grant number: Pump-priming grant No. PPHE210314
Funding source: the European Regional Development Fund, within the 2014-2020 Smart Growth Operational Programme (as part of the authors’ collaboration with CLARIN-PL: Common Language Resources & Technology Infrastructure) (2023).
Award Identifier / Grant number: POIR.01.01.01-00-0288/22
Award Identifier / Grant number: POIR.04.02.00-00C002/19
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank CLARIN-PL, especially prof. Maciej Piasecki, dr. Jan Kocoń, dr. Jan Wieczorek and dr. Krzysztof Hwaszcz for their support. Thanks must be given also to the anonymous reviewers who took time to give feedback on our work.
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Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Research funding: Funded by the British Academy (Pump-priming grant No. PPHE210314 and Leverhulme Small Research Grants SRG 2023 Round, grant 23\231153) and the European Regional Development Fund as a part of the 2014–2020 Smart Growth Operational Programme, projects no. POIR.04.02.00-00C002/19 and POIR.01.01.01-00-0288/22, as part of the authors’ collaboration with CLARIN-PL: Common Language Resources & Technology Infrastructure https://clarin-pl.eu/.
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