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Turning Victory into Defeat

Negative Assessments of Imperial Triumphs in Greco-Roman Literature
  • Martijn Icks
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Abstract

The triumphus conferred great military prestige on generals and emperors. Exploiting that prestige for their own purposes, Greco-Roman authors constructed subversive discourses around this ritual in their works. Through negative descriptions of triumphal processions, they could criticize, question or mock the accomplishments of triumphatores they did not like, undermining their glory and turning real or claimed victories into moral defeats. This literary weapon was particularly potent in the time of the Empire, when the senatorial elite had lost control over triumphal displays. ‘Bad’ triumphs of an extraordinary nature were attributed to Mark Antony, Caligula and Nero, criticizing their alleged transgressions of traditional Roman norms. However, more conventional triumphi could likewise come under attack by hostile historians and biographers, who used their descriptions of these events to define the limits of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ emperorship.

Abstract

The triumphus conferred great military prestige on generals and emperors. Exploiting that prestige for their own purposes, Greco-Roman authors constructed subversive discourses around this ritual in their works. Through negative descriptions of triumphal processions, they could criticize, question or mock the accomplishments of triumphatores they did not like, undermining their glory and turning real or claimed victories into moral defeats. This literary weapon was particularly potent in the time of the Empire, when the senatorial elite had lost control over triumphal displays. ‘Bad’ triumphs of an extraordinary nature were attributed to Mark Antony, Caligula and Nero, criticizing their alleged transgressions of traditional Roman norms. However, more conventional triumphi could likewise come under attack by hostile historians and biographers, who used their descriptions of these events to define the limits of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ emperorship.

Kapitel in diesem Buch

  1. Frontmatter I
  2. Inhalt IX
  3. Abkürzungen XI
  4. Verzeichnis der Karten XII
  5. Der römische Triumph in Prinzipat und Spätantike 1
  6. Teil 1: Der römische Triumph im frühen Prinzipat
  7. The Late Republican Triumph 29
  8. Die Transformation des Triumphes in augusteischer Zeit 59
  9. Tracht, Insignien und Performanz des Triumphators zwischen später Republik und früher Kaiserzeit 83
  10. Die Triumphe der julisch-claudischen Zeit 103
  11. Teil 2: Der römische Triumph in der hohen Kaiserzeit
  12. Josephus’ Portrait of the Flavian Triumph in Historical and Literary Context 125
  13. Die Dynamik von Herrschaftsdarstellung und Triumphideologie im ausgehenden 1. und frühen 2. Jh. 177
  14. Sieg und Triumph in der Zeit von Antoninus Pius bis Commodus 215
  15. Der Triumph im Dienste dynastischer Politik 255
  16. Die Stadt Rom als triumphaler Raum und ideologischer Rahmen in der Kaiserzeit 283
  17. Turning Victory into Defeat 317
  18. Teil 3: Der römische Triumph im dezentralisierten Imperium
  19. Two Third-Century Triumphal Decennalia (ad 202 and 262) 337
  20. Zwischen Severus Alexanders Triumph über die Sāsāniden im Jahre 233 und den Triumphfeierlichkeiten Diocletians und Maximians im Jahre 303 357
  21. Triumph in the Decentralized Empire 397
  22. Die Triumphatordarstellung auf Münzen und Medaillons in Prinzipat und Spätantike 419
  23. Teil 4: Der römische Triumph in der Spätantike
  24. Der römische Triumph und das Christentum 455
  25. Roma tardoantica come spazio della rappresentazione trionfale 487
  26. The Topography of Triumph in Late-Antique Constantinople 511
  27. The Decline and Fall of the Ancient Triumph 555
  28. Indizes (Namen, Orte, Begriffe, triumphale Inszenierungen) 569
Heruntergeladen am 13.1.2026 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110448009-013/html
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