Linguistic and Literary Studies in Eastern Europe

The importance of the Prague School for the rise of structuralism and for integration of the theoretical linguistics of today can hardly be overestimated. The volume brings together 13 papers showing the main results of the research of the Prague School and of its continuation in the domains of phonemics and written language, morphemics and word formation, lexicon, syntax and semantics, text structures, stylistics and typology. The authors all actively contributed to the domain they are treating here.

The aim of this volume is to witness how the activities of the Prague School have continued to bring important new insights and discussions between the 1940s and the present time. Contributions are included which have escaped attention on an international scale because they were published in Czech; several papers have been written especially for this volume. The contributions cover various domains: syntax, morphology, sociolinguistics, graphemics, the language system, the lexicon, and contrastive linguistics.

Czech, a clear case of a language having a Standard and a strong central vernacular with intensive shifting between them, offers many points of general interest to sociolinguists. This volume is divided in 5 chapters and opens with a general discussion of language varieties. 'The Two Central Language Formations in Czech' gives a summary description of the Czech central vernacular. This is followed by a chapter on 'The Origin and Opposition of Standard and Common Czech' and in the next chapter code switching between Standard and Common Czech is discussed. The concluding chapter presents starting points for a theoretical description of a national language with intralingual variation and a preliminary formulation of perspectives on the stratification of Czech.

The papers in this volume deal with subjects ranging from sound change and general phonological issues to analyses of specific problems in Polish and English, while some papers are of a crosslinguistic/contrastive nature. No single phonological paradigm has been followed, and this diversity of theoretical approaches, from natural phonology to non-linear phonology, reflects recent developments in Europe and the U.S.

Since the 1960s quantitative linguistics has undergone a great development marked especially by attempts to work systematically with language phenomena on all language levels. Besides traditional areas where significant results were already achieved before the 60s (phonology, graphemics and lexicology), quantitative linguistics has now also penetrated into morphology, syntax, stylistics, history and typology of languages and, more recently, into semantics. This book gives a comprehensive account of the various developments and applications in quantitative linguistics.After an overview of methods used in quantitative linguistics, it discusses the main areas: lexical statistics, grammatical statistics and semantics statistics, with reference to a great number of studies of different languages and language families. Chapter 4 deals with other domains (phonology, graphemics, stylistics, typology, development of languages, word-formation), Chapter 6 deals with various applications, and Chapter 7 discusses the relationship between quantitative linguistics and the computer. The volume is completed by an extensive list of references and indices of names and of subjects.

The 15 contributions in the present collection can be divided roughly into three groups: (1) Papers directly following up functional stylistics and the theory of language culture, elaborated in the classical period of the Prague Linguistic School. (2) Papers concerning the problems of style in a wider communicative arena. These contributions are closely related to contemporary text linguistics and also deal with problems involving psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics and semiotics. (3) Papers having, at least in some part, a pronounced historiographic character. These contributions reflect the fact that contemporary Czech linguistic research is firmly anchored in the Prague linguistic tradition. Although the authors' frame of reference is mainly Czech and the current language situation in the Czech Republic, the majority of contributions were intended to have a more general linguistic character and general linguistic validity.

Every grammar has to a greater or lesser extent a functional aspect. In this book, Bondarko provides a comprehensive discourse on the theoretical foundations of grammar, concentrating on functional-semantic fields, with emphasis on the diversity of their structural types. Criteria for distinguishing between linguistically structured meaning and non-linguistic cognitive content is developed in a discussion on “the Category of Aspect and its Environment” which includes an analysis of aspectual opposition according to the Prague School. Special attention is also paid to analysing polycentric fields and, specifically, taxis in the Russian language. The book is divided into three sections: Functional Grammar: Subject Matter and Goals — Structural Types of Functional-Semantic Fields — Categorial Situations. This book is intended for those interested in the general theory of linguistics.

The papers in this volume are divided into two sections. Part 1 Quantitative Linguistics contains contributions by Marie Těšitelová; M. Ludvíková; H. Confortiová; Ludmila Uhlířová; I. Nebeská; Jan Králík; J. Krámský; J. Sabol; J. Štěpán. Part 2 Algebraic Linguistics contains contributions by M. Novotný; Pavel Materna; Eva Hajičová, Petr Sgall & Petr Piťha; Jarmila Panevová & Petr Sgall.

This book investigates the functioning of linguistic phenomena, especially in the area of semantics and pragmatics of the language of schizophrenics. By making semantics and pragmatics the primary objects of this work, the author departs from the traditional approach of those psycholinguistic and psychiatric studies which aim to explain how the language of schizophrenics differs from the common language. This book, on the other hand, basically attempts to provide the reason why this language differs. The shift from description to explanation required the development of a new psycholinguistic method and the assertion that schizophrenia is a semiotic illness. The remarkable humanistic value of this book lies in the sensitivity of the author's approach to the mentally ill and in the concept that the language of schizophrenics is understandable, and consequently, that it is possible to actually understand the sick person. The social consequences of this are of immense significance for those attempting to communicate, whether as doctors or family members, with the one in 100 persons who use schizophrenic language. Dr. Wrobel's interpretation of so-called schizophrenic illumination, in which the curtain is torn, behind which the essence of things is cancelled and the schizophrenic reaches the heart of the meaning of everything, numbers among the most apt descriptions of this unusual psychopathological phenomenon. Z. Ryn, Professor of Psychiatry

This is a collection of psychoanalytical essays on a broad spectrum of well-known Russian authors, such as Puskin, Dostoevsky, Gogol, Belyj, Tjutcev, Axmatova, and Nabokov. The volume includes some reprints, among which a contribution by Sigmund Freud on Dostoevsky and Parricide'. The majority of the contributions are original publications by present-day specialists in the field. This is a book which may benefit literary scholars as well as professional psychoanalysts.

After a period of crisis in the 1960s, Contrastive Analysis has now regained its firm position, although in a different form and with broader goals. This collection of papers reflects the scope of research and the range of interest of linguists who are involved in contrastive linguistics research. The volume contains 35 contributions by 37 authors from 13 different countries and includes an Index of names and an Index of terms.

The era of Russian Symbolism (1892-1917) has been called the Silver Age of Russian culture, and even the Second Golden Age. Symbolist authors are among the greatest Russian authors of this century, and their activities helped to foster one of the most significant advances in cultural life (in poetry, prose, music, theater, and painting) that has ever been seen there. This book is designed to serve as an introduction to Symbolism in Russia, as a movement, an artistic method, and a world view. The primary emphasis is on the history of the movement itself. Attention is devoted to what the Symbolists wrote, said, and thought, and on how they interacted. In this context, the main actors are the authors of poetry, prose, drama, and criticism, but space is also devoted to the important connections between literary figures and artists, philosophers, and the intelligentsia in general. This broad, detailed and balanced account of this period will serve as a standard reference work an encourage further research among scholars and students of literature.

While lexicology, lexical semantics, and lexicography all share an interest in lexical items, they often tend to be regarded as three separate albeit interrelated fields. Indeed, the extent to which the interrelationship is recognized and taken into account in lexicographic practice is the moot point. The conference which produced the papers offered in this volume was designed to bring their practioners together and thus gives an impetus to closer cooperation among them, It is the editors' conviction that the practical activity of lexicography should learn more from its sister fields. People working in lexicography, lexical semantics, etc. may find some of the insights arrived at in the more practically oriented descriptions pertinent and useful.

Many of the fundamental ideas of the classical Prague School have guided or inspired much of the interdisciplinary post World War II research in linguistics, literary theory, semiotics, folklore and the arts. The Prague School promoted a humanistic and functional Leitmotiv of language as an open, flexible, adaptable, and abstract system of systems used by human beings to communicate. This hommage to the Prague School presents papers in five areas of research:- Prague School phonology and its theoretical and methodological implications, — The Prague School and functional discourse analysis, — The Prague School and aspects of literary criticism, — The sociological and ethnographical concerns of the Prague School, — The Prague School's semiotic approach to the arts.

This volume is the first anthology of readings in Yugoslav general linguistics in English. It contains twenty contributions by outstanding Yugoslav scholars in such areas as comparative typology and contact linguistics, sociolinguistics (including such topics as bilingualism, multilingualism, diglossia, language planning, language policy, translation theory, etc.), psycholinguistics, structural/generative linguistics (phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics), text linguistics, pragmatics, linguistic semiotics, and the philosophy of language science. The collection should appeal to linguists of all persuasions and specializations.

This book is devoted to the mathematical foundations of categorial grammar including type-theoretic foundations of mathematics, grammatical categories and other topics related to categorial grammar and to philosophical and linguistic applications of this framework. The volume consists of three parts. The first, introductory part, contains the editor's addresses and two survey chapters concerning the history (W. Marciszewski) and current trends of the discipline (J.van Benthem). The second part consists of 10 chapters devoted to categorial grammar proper, and the third part 7 chapters devoted to areas close to categorial grammar. Most of the contributions are original papers, but five of them are reprints of classics (M.J. Cresswell, P.T. Geach, H. Hiz, J. Lambek, T. Potts).

This monograph is intended as a contribution to the integral description of language and verbal communication. Chapter I and Chapters VII and VIII are concerned with general problems of emotivity and expressivity in language as such and on all linguistic levels. These chapters describe emotivity from a new semiotic perspective and suggest a typology of emotive signs and meanings. Chapter II discusses general methodology of investigating and "measuring" emotive meaning in the area of word-formation (with examples from Russian). Chapters III, IV and V treat Russian diminutives fromgeneral-structural, lexical-contextual and pragmatic perspectives, while Chapter VI presents a comparison of the semantic structures of the various types of emotive noun derivatives which exist in Russian. The book thus begins with a general treatment on emotivity, goes on to consider the specific case of emotive noun-formation, giving special attention to the Russian diminutives, and then returns, by way of a comparison of the semantic structures of various types of emotive nouns, to more general problems of emotivity in language and to semiotic typology.

Although in Czechoslovakia sociolinguistics is not institutionalized, some results and approaches of Czech linguistics appear to be sociolinguistic, and that from the viewpoint of other linguistic and scientific traditions in general. The socio-component' of Czech linguistics took shape as early as between the two world wars in the activity of the Prague Linguistic School, and is influenced in a positive way also by a contemporary philosophico-ideological climate. The contents of the present volume include contributions of prominent Czech linguists, especially research workers from academic and university institutions. The papers concentrate on four general subjects: 1) methodological problems, 2) the theory of standard language and language culture, 3) presentation of the linguistic situation in Czechoslovakia, 4) communication in small social groups. All papers are written in English. The volume is primarily intended for those concerned with general linguistics, sociolinguistics, Slavonic studies and Czech studies.

The papers in this volume are divided into two sections. Part 1 Quantitative Linguistics contains contributions by Marie Těšitelová; Ludmila Uhlířová; I. Nebeská; M. Ludvíková; H. Confortiová; Marie Těšitelová , J. Petr & Jan Králík; J. Štěpán; J. Krámský; J. Dušková; J. Sabol. Part 2 Algebraic Linguistics contains contributions by M. Novotný; L. Nebeský; Petr Sgall; Eva Hajičová, Petr Sgall & J. Vrbová; Jarmila Panevová; Petr Piťha; Eva Buráňová; Svatava Machová; Eva Hajičová, M. Hnátková & P. Jirků; Zdenek Kirschner; Pavel Materna.

This volume offers a variety of viewpoints on the functional approach to the study of language. After an exposition of the Prague School functionalism, and Dik's and Halliday's functional approaches, it presents a wider area of text-linguistic, psycholinguistic, sociolinguistic, theoretical, descriptive and applied issues from a functional point of view, testifying of the very wide-spread and in-depth impact of functionalist thought on the present-day linguistic scene.

The present volume was brought together on the occasion of Petr Sgall’s 60th birthday. It bears testimony to the multifarious and variegated character of his background and activities. It is to be hoped that this kind of variety will contribute – as Petr Sgall strives to do – to a broader and deeper understanding and cooperation between linguists of various backgrounds. The volume contains sections on I. Semiotics and semantics; II. The Sentence and Its Structure; III. Below the Sentence Structure; IV. Topic and Focus; V. Text and Context; VI. Formal and Computational Methods.

The volume presents for the first time in book form in English the work of two major representatives of the so-called Moscow-Tartu school. The Introduction outlines their project for a poetics of expressiveness against the background of the structural-semiotic movement of the '60s and '70s. Part I is a systematic exposition of the theory, concentrating on the concepts of theme, expressive device, poetic world, etc. Part II and III apply these concepts to a structuralist portrayal of Leo Tolstoy's tales for children (shown to be A War and Peace in miniature) and of the medieval Latin author Archpoet of Cologne (with special emphasis on his Mock Penitent). The volume is provided with a Bibliography of the poetics of expressiveness and a Glossary of its metalanguage.

The papers in this volume are divided into two sections. Part 1 Quantitative Linguistics contains contributions by Marie Těšitelová; M. Ludvíková; H. Confortiová; Ludmila Uhlířová; I. Nebeská; Jan Králík; J. Krámský; L. Klimeš; J. Štěpán; Z. Lišková. Part 2 Algebraic Linguistics contains contributions by M. Novotný; L. Nebeský; Petr Sgall; Eva Hajičová; Jarmila Panevová; Petr Piťha; J. Sabol; Zdenek Kirschner; P. Jirků & Petr Sgall; Eva Buráňová & Svatava Machová; Pavel Materna.

This volume presents a rather complete survey of the research activities of the Prague group of algebraic linguistics. Some of the papers included bear witness to the fact that algebraic linguistics, or the formal description of language, is not the only domain in which the Prague group is active. Typological and empirically oriented discussions are represented as well, and so are accounts of some of the experimental systems from the domains of computational linguistics and natural language comprehension. Most of the papers included here have been published (partly in Czech) in periodicals and miscellanies, some of which are not easily accessible; a smaller part consists of papers written specifically for the present volume. The volume is divided into four sections, the first of which contains generally oriented papers. The second section consists of contributions devoted to the core of the empirical problems of sentence structure. The third section includes papers concerning specific questions of the syntax of Czech, and section four is oriented towards the experimental systems prepared by the Prague group.

The "common core" of different sociolinguistic schools includes a number of general problems such as the social differentiation of language, the sociolinguistic aspects of bilingualism and diglossia, the typology of linguistic situations, language engineering, national and standard languages and their social functions, etc. Still urgent to the sociolinguists of all countries and all trends is the problem of developing their own methodology and the application of research methods developed by other disciplines to sociolinguistics. The above-mentioned problems constitute the major thrust of this book. It is not merely a summary of studies by a certain sociolinguistic school or even several schools; the main goal of the author is to elucidate a number of major philosophical and theoretical questions, fundamental problems of sociolinguistics and methods of sociolinguistic analysis.

Translation from the original Russian edition. The first Soviet text-book on sociolinguistics, the book introduces the reader to some of its basic problems, such as language and social structure, language as a social factor, language and nation, language and culture, language and the sociology of an individual, sociolinguistics and Marxist sociology. It focuses on such theoretical issues as the subject-matter of sociolinguistics, the functioning of sociocommunicative systems, language policy and social aspects of verbal behavior.

This book is the first attempt to describe the syntax of Contemporary English exclusively in terms of dependencies (most American works on the subject being in terms of phrase structure, or constituency). The three main features of it are: (1) a fully formal presentation, (2) a reasonably complete coverage of English surface syntax, and (3) an exposition oriented towards human readers (rather than computers).
The book can be recommended for several categories of readers: specialists in English syntax, linguists interested in general and theoretical syntax, computational linguists, researchers in related fields (including psychology and artificial intelligence) concerned with automatic processing (both synthesis and analysis) of English texts.

Contains key papers by the founders of the Prague School; including Vilém Mathesius famous article “Functional Linguistics” (1929), the theses presented at the First Congress of Slavists in Prague (1929), an earlier paper by Mathesius “On the potentiality of the phenomena of language” (1911), Jan Mukařovský's “Standard language and poetic language” (1932) and other historical contributions by B. Havránek, V. Skalička, and B. Trnka.

The volume presents perspectives in the theory of drama and theatre that are new for the following reasons: 1) the contributions reflect the international cooperation in developing drama and theatre as well as its theories; 2) this collection is the first attempt of presenting papers within the context of (Analytical) Theory of Science; 3) it is the first consistent set of papers starting from semiotics a s a meta-theory. The volume is divided into four sections: I Fundamental of Theatre Research, II Theory of Drama and Theatre, III Descriptive Theatre Research, IV Applied Theatre Research. The fifth and final section offers a selective bibliography of analytical approaches to drama and theatre.

The papers in this volume are divided into two sections. Part 1 Quantitative Linguistics contains contributions by Marie Těšitelová; Jiří Kraus; Ján Horecký & E. Nemcová; J. Sabol; Z. Lišková; V. Smetáček & M. Königová; J. Štěpán; L. Klimeš; P. Vašák. Part 2 Algebraic Linguistics contains contributions by M. Novotný; L. Nebeský; Petr Sgall; Eva Hajičová; Petr Pitha; J. Weisheitelová; Jarmila Panevová, A. Goralčíková & Eva Hajičová.

These papers on the structure of the literary process were brought together in memory of Felix Vodička (1909–1974). Contributions by: Jacek Baluch, Miroslav Červenka, Květoslav Chvatík, E.M. van Dam-Havelková, Sergej Davydov, Lubomir Doležel, Miroslav Drozda, Jan van der Eng, F.W. Galan, Mojmír Grygar, Wolfgang Iser, Milan Jankovič, Hans Robert Jauss, Renate Lachmann, Gail Lenhoff, Ladislav Matějka, Tone Pretnar, Lucylla Pszczołowska, Janice A. Radway, Charles Eric Reeves, Herta Schmid, Miloš Sedmidubský, Peter Steiner, Wendy Steiner, Oleg Sus, Ronald Vroon.

The majority of the papers in the present volume were presented at, or prepared in conjunction with, meetings of the Seminar for Austro-German Philosophy, a group of philosophers interested in the work of Brentano and Husserl and of the various thinkers who fell under their influence. One long-standing concern of the Seminar has been to trace the origins of present-day structuralism and related movements in the thought of nineteenth-century central Europe.

Unlike studies which confine psychologism to the second half of the nineteenth century, and to an explicit claim of psychology as a ‘Grundwissenschaft’ during that period, this work attempts to trace psychologism's emergence in Greek antiquity, in hedonistic tendencies of the Renaissance, and in British Empiricism. Thus, psychologism figures as a generic concept, embracing a variety of both positivistic and idealistic arguments concerning the localization of normative sciences, particularly aesthetics and literary theory, in psychological space. This study also considers the implicit psychologism of even those psychoaesthetic theories which claimed to be against the exclusive status of psychology. In their actual treatment of aesthetic and literary facts, such theories inadvertently did indeed resort to psychologistic arguments. The position from which I have chosen to look at psychologistically committed aesthetics and literary theory is essentially phenomenological. The author seeks to present psychologism as a central tendency of psychoaesthetics as well as to assert critically psychologism's basic assumptions.

By focusing on the “East European” dialogues and polemics, both contemporary and past, the present volume pursues two aims: 1) It would like to locate the discussion between semiotics and dialectics in an historical context. 2) It would like to make the reader familiar with the solutions proposed by theoreticians like Bakhtin, Lotman, Voloshinov, Fischer and Mukařovský, solutions which, in the past, were frequently ignored by European Marxists, semioticians and sociologists of literature. At present, one cannot help feeling that if they had been familiar with the works of these authors, Marxism, Critical Theory, semiotics and the sociology of literature (of the text) would have evolved differently.

This volume contains papers on Hungarian general linguistics. ‘Hungarian’ here means that the work of these authors either centers around the Hungarian language or has close ties to present-day Hungarian linguistics, or both. Topics include: philosophy of language, psycholinguistics, historical linguistics, history of (Hungarian) linguistics, phonology, syntax, typology.

Die vorliegende Bibliographie ist das erste Ergebnis eines von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft von 1974 bis 1978 geförderten Forschungsprojekts. Sie gibt einen Uberblick über Stand und Entwicklung der Sprachlehr- und Sprachlernforschung in der UdSSR für den Bereich des gesteuerten Fremdsprachenerwerbs. Bei den besprochenen Arbeiten handelt es sich in der Regel um Publikationen, die in der UdSSR in russischer Sprache erschienen sind. Die Arbeit ist — nicht nur für den Westen — der erste Versuch einer solchen Darstellung.

The essays in this two-volume anthology provide the reader with an overview of current Czech, Polish and Hungarian research in language, literature and meaning as well as some new perspectives on the major theoretical contributions of Roman Ingarden, Georg Lukács and Jan Mukařovský. For the most part, the emphasis is on Poetics and Literary Theory; however, in some of the essays the focus shifts to such related disciplines as Aesthetics, Linguistics and Semiotics. The heterogeneity of this collection reflects the broad spectrum of interests and approaches to problems of theory being pursued at present in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Much of the work being done in these countries remains relatively unknown outside of Eastern Europe. This anthology is an attempt to rectify this situation and make better known the nature and extent of research which promises new insights into a whole range of phenomena in language, literature and culture.

The essays in this two-volume anthology provide the reader with an overview of current Czech, Polish and Hungarian research in language, literature and meaning as well as some new perspectives on the major theoretical contributions of Roman Ingarden, Georg Lukács and Jan Mukařovský. For the most part, the emphasis is on Poetics and Literary Theory; however, in some of the essays the focus shifts to such related disciplines as Aesthetics, Linguistics and Semiotics. The heterogeneity of this collection reflects the broad spectrum of interests and approaches to problems of theory being pursued at present in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Much of the work being done in these countries remains relatively unknown outside of Eastern Europe. This anthology is an attempt to rectify this situation and make better known the nature and extent of research which promises new insights into a whole range of phenomena in language, literature and culture.