Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society

Provides the first complete edition, annotated and with modernized spelling, of these important late-Elizabethan letters, written by Rowland Whyte as the personal agent and advisor at court of Robert Sidney, Viscount Lisle and first Earl of Leicester. His series of 292 surviving letters to Sidney, written between September 1595 and December 1602, were partly intended as intelligence documents, keeping Sidney fully briefed on court affairs and gossip. This edition also includes a shorter sequence of Whyte’s surviving letters to Gilbert Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, concerning the marriage of Talbot’s daughter, Lady Mary, to Robert Sidney’s rich and increasingly powerful nephew, William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke. A useful resource for the last years of Queen Elizabeth’s reign. Illus.

When Ben Franklin adopted John Bartram's 1739 idea of bringing together the "virtuosi" of the colonies to promote inquiries into "natural secrets, arts and syances," the result was, in 1743, the founding of the Amer. Philosophical Soc. Whitfield J. Bell, Jr. records the early years of the Society through sketches of its first members, those elected between 1743 and 1769. This is the third of 3 vols. of sketches that represent, "the first systematic attempt to collect and preserve data on the lives of [the Society's first] members" and add much to our knowledge of the history and culture of 18th-cent. America. Contents: History of the Society; Sketches of Members inducted from Nov. 1767-1768; Reflections and Observations; Consolidated Index to volumes 1, 2, and 3.

In the mid-19th century, Dr. Isaac Israel Hayes was a member of the Amer. arctic expedition under the command of Dr. Elisha Kent Kane in search of the lost British explorer Sir John Franklin. Through his own hard fought experiences, combined with the knowledge learned from Polar Eskimos, he successfully influenced the course of Arctic discovery. As an elected politician in New York State during its Gilded Age, Hayes served the ‘public good’ for a decade, with accomplishments as far reaching as his Arctic service. In this book, the story emerges of a remarkable but forgotten explorer, writer, politician, and humanitarian who epitomized the rugged and restless spirit of adventure and individualism of 19th-century America. Illustrations.

Collinson’s life is a microcosm of 18th-cent. natural history. A gardener and naturalist by avocation, he was what we would now call a facilitator in natural science, disseminating botanical and horticultural knowledge during the Enlightenment. He influenced the Comte de Buffon and Linnaeus. He found clients for the Phila. naturalist John Bartram. American plants populated great estates like those of the Dukes of Richmond, Norfolk, and Bedford, as well as the Chelsea Physic Garden, and the nurseries of James Gordon and Robert Furber. Botanic painters such as Mark Catesby and Georg Dionysius Ehret painted American plants in Collinson’s garden. He had an unprecedented effect on the exchange of scientific info. on both sides of the Atlantic. Illus.

Deals with the history of eyeglasses from their invention in Italy ca. 1286 to the appearance of the telescope three cent. later. “By the end of the 16th cent. eyeglasses were as common in western and central Europe as desktop computers are in western developed countries today.” Eyeglasses served an important technological function at both the intellectual and practical level, not only easing the textual studies of scholars but also easing the work of craftsmen/small bus. During the 15th cent. two crucial developments occurred: the ability to grind convex lenses for various levels of presbyopia and the ability to grind concave lenses for the correction of myopia. As a result, eyeglasses could be made almost to prescription by the early 17th cent. Illus.

George Sarton animated the discipline of history of science (HoS) in America. This vol. traces his youth & educ. in Belgium, & his marriage to Mabel Elwes. It follows the Sarton’s in their path from idealistic refugees fleeing the invasion of Belgium in 1914 to destitute intellectuals at Harvard Univ. For 50 years, HoS as an acad. specialty owed much to Sarton’s visions & anxieties, esp. as they were expressed in his marriage. Mabel Sarton sustained his enterprise & contributed to its form, which included parts of socialism, pacifism, aesthetics, & faith. Themes present in Sarton’s early work include the common endeavor of artists & scientists, the private nature of scientific innovation, & the HoS as a bridge between the humanities & the natural sciences. Illus.

Between 1796 & 1800 Baron Peter von Braun, a rich businessman & manager of Vienna’s court theaters, transformed his estate at Schonau into an English-style landscape park. The most celebrated building was the Temple of Night, a domed rotunda accessible only through a meandering rockwork grotto. A life-size statue of the goddess Night on a chariot pulled by two horses presided over the Temple, while from the dome, came the sounds of a mechanical musical instrument. Only the ruins survive, & the Temple has received little scholarly attention. This book brings it back to life by assembling the descriptions of it by early 19th-cent. eyewitnesses. “Will appeal to anyone interested in the history of garden design, arch., theater, & music.” Illus.

Beginning in the 1950s, Edwin Wolf 2nd embarked on a biblio’l. quest to reconstruct the library of Benjamin Franklin, which was the largest & best private library in Amer. at the time of his death & was subsequently dispersed. The contents of Franklin’s library were virtually unknown until Wolf identified the unique shelfmarks that Franklin used to organize his books. That discovery allowed Wolf to locate 2,700 titles in 1,000 vols. that Franklin actually owned. Wolf also identified a further 700 titles owned by Franklin. After wolf’s death, Kevin Hayes took up the project & brought it to fruition. This catalogue includes almost 4,000 books known to have been owned by Franklin, & the Intro. tells the complete story of Franklin’s library, its dispersal, & its reconstruction.

In 1901 Emil von Behring received the first Nobel Prize in med. for serum therapy against diphtheria, a disease that killed thousands of infants annually. Diphtheria serum was the first major cure of the bacteriological era and its develop. generated procedures for testing, standardizing, and regulating drugs. Emphasizes Behring’s contrib. to the study of infectious disease, the formation of modern immunology, and research on remedies and vaccines against microbial infections. Explores his relations to the rival bacteriological schools of Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur, the emergent German pharmaceutical industry, and the institutionalization of experimental therapeutic research. Also contains translations of 13 key articles by Behring and his assoc.

An excellent biography of John Haygarth, an important 18th-century physician who is most well known for his visionary plan to eliminate smallpox from Great Britain through the careful practice of inoculation & isolation. Haygarth made many more innovative & far-reaching contributions to medicine & to philanthropy. He became a physician in Chester in 1767. There he introduced separate wards in the Chester Infirmary where patients with fever could be isolated & cared for. It was the stimulus for the development of the fever hospitals of 19th cent. England. He also played a major role in the foundation of the Bath Provident Institution for savings, a model for the savings-bank movement in England. Black & white illustrations.

From the summer of 1842 through the fall of 1843, Nathaniel and Sophia Hawthorne kept a common journal of their daily lives in a notebook. The journal records the ordinary events and activities that occupied them as newlyweds: walks through the countryside around Concord, appraisals of their new home, encounters with neighbors (among them Emerson, Fuller, and Thoreau), descriptions of the weather and the changing seasons -- all material that Hawthorne would later draw on for the preface to his second collection of tales, “Mosses from an Old Manse” (1846). Its most persistent note, however, is the mutual expression of marital happiness. This volume makes available for the first time a full facsimile edition of the journal.

Musicologists are increasingly focusing upon less formal private "institutions" and traditions of patronage: informal acad. and soc, the activities of individuals, and convivial aristocratic co. Early 16th-cent. Florence was characterized by the practices of a series of these vital institutions. Such informal institutions had considerable virtues as agents of patronage; their less routinized practices freed them to engage in experimentation that the more formal institutions would not support. This study reconstructs the memberships, cultural activities, and musical exper. of these informal Florentine institutions and relates them to the emergence of the madrigal, the foremost musical genre of early-modern Europe. Richly illus. with visual materials and musical examples.

The Academy of Natural Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the John Bartram Association, the Library Company of Philadelphia, the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, & the Philadelphia Botanical Club sponsored a three-day symposium in May 1999 to commemorate the 300th anniversary of John Bartram's birth. This collection of essays arises from that symposium. All of the essays contribute to the telling of the story of the multifaceted John Bartram, whose life spanned most of the 18th-century and who was called ”the greatest natural botanist in the world.” The work is published in cooperation with the Library Company of Philadelphia & John Bartram Association. Color & black & white illustrations.

Examines the commission of the Vatican tomb of Pope Alexander VIII Ottoboni by his great-nephew Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni. Although neglected for centuries, the Ottoboni monument occupies the most strategic liturgical position in the complex of tombs in the Vatican basilica. It is impressive in scale, & offers a commanding presence on the path from the papal entryway to the apse & main altar, with a majestic papal effigy, a visually compelling narrative relief carving, & symbolically important allegories. Using unpublished archival documents in the Vatican & Lateran archives, this study discusses in detail the 30-year campaign for the construction of the tomb & identifies the artists & artisans responsible for the project. The monograph is comprehensive in its stylistic analysis, exploration of iconography, discussion of liturgical practice, & consideration of studio procedures beginning with patron & artist, architect & sculptors, & sculptor & artisans. reveals why the project required three decades to complete. "A well-written, informative, & important monograph. And, in the process, he has expanded our understanding of contemporary workshop practice and art making in the Rome of the later Baroque period. There are sections where the author's meticulous care & insightful reconstruction of events gives the reader a sense of ""being there"" in the day-to-day process of work on the site. These parts make for especially exciting and engaging reading." -- "An absolutely wonderful piece of work."

More than five centuries after his birth, the contradictions embodied by the Florentine sculptor Baccio Bandinelli (1493-1560) remain as mysterious as ever. Revered by contemporaries as one of the most important sculptors of his time, he was reviled by his enemies as a truculent, foul-mouthed, avaricious, sycophantic, craven humbug. But the originality & power of Bandinelli's work, & the long shadow it cast over the arts in 16th-cent. Florence & Rome, are as clear today as they were to the artists Medici patrons, who recognized his art as a potent tool for constructing an image of dynastic legitimacy. Based on a decade of research in archives all over Italy, this book brings this great, but often neglected, Renaissance artist into sharper focus for modern scholarship. It comprises a comprehensive collection of the documentation on Bandinelli's life & work. The great majority of the texts included in this volume were discovered by the author & are published for the first time, & many come from the private archive of the Bandinelli family. All the documents are furnished with historical commentary and textual apparatus discussing their broader historical context, problems of chronology & interpretation, & later interpolations -- including hundreds of forged passages inserted by the artist's grandson, genealogist Baccio Bandinelli the Younger (1578-1636), whose role as forger of the Bandinelli legacy is exposed here for the first time. "An incomparable achievement of scholarship". "A very sizable contribution to the entire range of the Renaissance art historical academic community".

Up to & including the Age of Discoveries, the wealth of the East was thought in Europe to consist primarily of spices & aromatics. Cloves, nutmeg, mace, & sandalwood all were thought to come from a few small islands in easternmost Indonesia, which no European reached before 1500. Yet supplies of these luxury products were reaching China, India, western Asia, & the Mediterranean lands more than a thousand years earlier. This study of Moluccan spices opens with their natural history & nomenclature, & the discovery of the Islands by Europeans near the opposing (& controversial) limits of Spanish & Portuguese jurisdiction. Donkin traces the expanding interest & long-distance trade in cloves, nutmeg, & sandalwood, first to India & then to the adjacent Arabo-Persian world. The medieval West & China lay on the margins of diffusion, the former in touch with the Levant, the latter with the trading world of South East Asia.

This catalogue of the astronomical manuscripts preserved at the Maharaja Man Singh Museum provides a substantial part of the foundation for an extensive & penetrating analysis of the astronomical activities of Saw Jayasimha Maharaja from 1700 to 1743. Jayasimha collected Sanskrit manuscripts of traditional Indian astronomy, acquired Arabic & Persian manuscripts representative of the Muslim interpretation of Ptolemaic astronomy, built five observatories at which he employed both Hindu & Muslim observers, & produced a set of astronomical tables in Persian based on the Latin tables of Philippe de La Hire.

For the people of Chuuk and for students of religion and Micronesian culture, this book pulls together and makes available in English the somewhat scattered published accounts (largely in German), along with Goodenough's own (as yet unpublished) information about religious beliefs and ritual practices in pre-Christian Chuuk. The materials are presented in a way that seeks to document and illustrate a particular approach, a functional one, to understanding the kinds of human concerns that give rise to religious behavior. Simply to describe traditional beliefs and rituals without the relevant social background information leaves the reader without any feeling for what were the emotional concerns, engendered by life in Chuukese society, that ritual practices helped people address. Ward Goodenough offers a theoretical introduction, the necessary background information about Chuuk and the ways in which members of Chuukese society experienced themselves and their fellows, the world view and overall set of beliefs providing the intellectual framework within which ritual practices were formulated and understood, and the various bodies of ritual practices. He concludes the book with a summary that pulls together how the rituals described appear to related to the emotional concerns that growing up and living in Chuuk tended to create.

Chemistry as it is known today is deeply rooted in a variety of thought & action, dating back at least as far as the fifth century B.C. In this book, Joseph Fruton weaves together the history of scientific investigation with social, religious, philosophical, & other events & practices that have contributed to the field of modern chemistry. The story begins with the influence of alchemy on early Greek numerology and philosophy, followed by the historical account of chemical composition and phlogiston. The life and work of Antoine Lavoisier receive extensive coverage in Chapter Three, with the remaining six chapters devoted to atoms, equivalents, and elements; radicals and types; valence and molectualr structure; stereochemistry and organic synthesis; forces, equilibria, and rates; and electrons, reaction mechanisms, and organic synthesis.

In this comprehensive catalogue of the work of the 15th-century painter and draftsman, Stefano da Verona (1375-ca. 1438), Karet reviews past scholarship and corrects old misunderstandings that produced an inconsistent, heterogeneous and misinformed corpus. Her attributions are based on stylistic arguments, technical analysis, and the relationship of the drawings to a limited number of secure paintings by this important Late Gothic North Italian painter. The restricted but sound body of works Stefano da Verona executed is compiled in rich catalogue entries that include discussions of style, iconography, patronage, paper and sketchbook analysis, important issues of workshop production and of the history of drawings and collectionism.

A catalog of the portraits in the Independence Nat. Historic Park collection. These portraits consist of 255 works, 109 of them by Charles Willson Peale. Many are likenesses of heroes of the Amer. Revolution and founders of Amer. gov't., statesmen, jurists, men of science, art and letters. The collection was enhanced by the addition of the works of notable 18th and 19th cent. Anglo-Amer. artists. There are two sections: a history of the collection dividing it in chapters covering works pre-1950, 1850-1900 and 1900-1951, and a catalog. Each catalog entry is enhanced with either a black and white or four-color reproduction and contains a physical description of the portrait, a biography of the subject, the circumstance of the portrait's commission and its provenance.

Following in the succession of his 25 predecessors, Leon Abbett twice served as governor of New Jersey in the late 19nth century. A lifelong Democrat, he was a dynamic and visionary party leader who guided the citizens of New Jersey into a new urban industrial age. While he was a machine politician and party boss, he was also a notable reformer. That was a formidable combination for his time. Grappling with a series of hot political issues and braving the passions and divisions spawned by the Civil War, Abbett was one of the ablest and most intriguing men ever to be governor. Several new ideas were transformed into public policy during his tenure. Both in style and strategy, Abbett represented a sharp break from his predecessors. He was a prime example of a governor who both in crisis and in ordinary times broadened gubernatorial authority. He became both a policy and party leader. In this context, he was an important forerunner to a type of governor that had not yet appeared on the American political stage.

Humphry Davy’s contemporaries bestowed on him their highest honors. Since Davy’s death in 1829, each scholarly generation has accrued info. about him & his colleagues. His startling discoveries of the scientifically novel, his isolation & identification of 7 new elements, & his association of electrical properties & chemical behavior coupled with his fame as a lecturer, made him a popular cultural hero. Others saw him as the man who had made agriculture “scientific.” Davy’s refusal to profit financially from his invention of the miners’ safety lamp endeared him to those humanitarians who idealized scientists as members of an altruistic brotherhood. Here is a readable, thoroughly researched biography of Davy’s early life. Illus.

Chu Hsi (1130-1200) exerted a lasting influence on the thought and life of the Chinese in subsequent cent. The core of his synthesis was moral and social philosophy, but it also included knowledge about the natural world. His doctrine of ke-wu (invest. of things) made him mindful of the specialized knowledged in such “scientific” traditions as astronomy, harmonics, med., etc. This study of Chu Hsi’s thought gives a systematic account of the basic concepts of his natural philosophy. Also discusses Chu Hsi’s actual knowledge about the natural world. And examines the relation between Chu Hsi and Chinese “scientific” traditions and compares his natural knowledge with that of the Western scientific tradition.

Contents: State codes; Municipal & County Codes; Rules of Court; Reports of Cases; Official Court Records in Print; Accounts of Trials; Indexes, Digests, & Encyclopedias; Form Books; Law Treatises Printed Before 1950; Criminal Law Books; 19th-Century Law Journals; 20th-Century Legal Periodicals; Legal Education; Academic Law Libraries; William & Mary Law Library; Public Law Librarians; The Norfolk Law Library; Private Law Libraries Before 1776; Private Law Libraries After 1776; Public Printers; J.W. Randolph; The Michie Company; General Virginia Bibliography; Index of Authors & Editors; & Subject Index.

This biography of one of the world’s foremost demographers traces in addition to Ansley Coale’s own life and work, the progress of worldwide demographic research in the 20th century. One chapter records the important work of his mentor, Frank Notestein, particularly on fertilty, and contraception’s effect on it, as well as his founding of the Office of Population Research at Princeton, an institution vitally important in Ansley Coale’s career. Coale’s professional activities took him in such various directions as professor of economics at Princeton, studying population and economic development in low-income countries, research on the European Fertility Project, stabilizing analytical demography: including the study of stable populations, correcting bad data in the U.S. and other countries, and creating demographic models for mortality, fertility and marriage. As U.S. representative on the UN Population Commission he served as an advisor to Africa, Europe, Latin America and Asia and participated in the International Union for Scientific Study of Population. Coale directed the Office of Population Research between 1959 and 1973 and was Senior Research Demographer there until the late 1980s. One of his major focuses has been the social implications of atomic energy. He has received many honors and is the author of many articles and several books on population. Photos.

Henry Rowland (1848-1901) was one of the most important figures in the founding of modern physics in the U.S. A principal founder and first pres. of the Amer. Physical Soc., he is best known for his invention of the concave spectral grating for which he won a gold medal and grand prize at the 1890 Paris Exposition. A grad. of Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst. in civil engineering, Rowland was prof. of physics at Johns Hopkins Univ., where he had the principal part in forming the first school of Amer. physicists to be professionally trained in the U.S. In this vol., Sweetnam, using Rowland’s papers and those of his colleagues and students, has written the first scholarly exposition of Rowland’s work.

Continues Clagett's studies of the various aspects of the science of Ancient Egypt. Like its predecessors, it has two main objectives: first to summarize & analyze the principal features of a nascent & yet important part of that science, namely its mathematics, & second to present in English six of the most important mathematical documents on which the preceding analysis was based. Thus we find treated in the first part of the work Egyptian measurement that lay behind the various calculating procedures, the procedures themselves, & the model problems that were gathered together to aid the calculators in their efforts to complete practical measures. Includes detailed descriptions of the various kinds of tables that the Egyptians depended upon in their calculations, an important one being the Table of Two that presented the division of 2 by the odd numbers from 3 to 101. This table reveals the nature of Egyptian fractions & their form of notation as the sums of unit fractions, a form leading to the use of a concept very useful for measurement, that of significant fractional approximations achieved by dropping one or more of the lesser fractions at the end of a set of unit fractions. The Table of Two occupies the first section of the most important of all Egyptian mathematical documents, the Rhind Papyrus, the papyrus which stands at the head of the documents in Part II of the volume. Following the series of documents in Part II with their extensive endnotes, the author gives in Part III a bibliography, an Index of Egyptian Terms, & an Index of Proper Names & Subjects. Includes an extensive collection of illustrations along with pertinent diagrams & tables, & reproductions of the hieratic texts of the documents with their hieroglyphic transcriptions.

Presents 200 hitherto unpub. astronomical texts & horoscopes written in Greek on papyrus, which were excavated a century ago in the rubbish heaps of Oxyrhynchus, a district capital of Roman Egypt. Through these documents we obtain the first coherent picture of the range of astronomical activity, chiefly in the service of astrology, during the Roman Empire. The astronomy of this period turns out to have been much more varied than we previously thought, with Babylonian arithmetical methods of prediction coexisting with tables based on geometrical models of orbits. Editions of the texts are accomp. by facing translations & explanatory & philological commentaries. The intro. provides the first comprehensive treatment of astronomical papyri, explaining their contents & purpose, the underlying astronomical theories, & strategies for analyzing & dating them. Tables & graphs.

Useful Knowledge: What will it be for the next millennium? In five symposia, members of the Amer. Philosophical Soc. asked this question in April 1999 at the Society’s Millennium Meet. Contents: (1) Math & Physical Sciences: The Laws of Nature; Our Concepts of the Cosmos, Progress, Prospects & Mysteries; Math & Computing; Global Warming: Does Science Matter?; & The Molecular Biology of Huntington’s Disease; (2): Biological Sci.: Scientists & the Public: An Ambivalent Partnership; Cancer: The Revolution & the Challenges; Wiring the Brain: Dynamic Interplay between Nature & Nurture; & A Neuroscience of Memory for the 21st Cent.; (3) Social Sci.: Nat. Sovereignty & Human Rights; Econ. Becomes a Science -- Or Does It?; & A Millennium of Economics in Twenty Minutes: In Pursuit of Useful Knowledge; (4) Humanities: Art & Architectural History in the 20th Cent.; More Than One Millennium: The Perennial Return of the History of Religions; & Singularity in an Age of Globalization; & (5) The Professions, Arts & Affairs: 100 Yrs. of the Renaissance; Race & Admission to Univ.; Health Care in a Democratic Soc.; & Culture & Democracy in America. Illus.

Man has been intrigued by the origin of pearls, sensitive to their beauty, and convinced of their medicinal value for at least 5 cent. A mixture of folklore and observation preceded the earliest scientific inquiries. Fishing and trade commenced in S. Asia, between India and Sri Lanka and around the Persian Gulf. In W. and Central Europe, Inner Asia and China, and N. Amer. Freshwater pearls were probably known and treasured before those of marine origin. A refined nomenclature points to a long familiarity with etymologically related words for ‘pearl’. Pearls were prominent among the luxury products of world trade and were high among the objectives of expeditions to the eastern and western Tropics. Illustrations.

Contents: Brief Biography of the Composer; Sources; Description of the Oboe Concertos; Facsimiles of Various Pages of the Autograph Manuscripts of the Oboe Concertos; and the actual Scores for Concerto No. 1 in E-flat; Concerto No. 2 in C; Concerto No. 3 in C, and Movement of an Oboe Concerto, in C.

German born Jacques Loeb was both a biologist (nominated for the Nobel Prize in Med. in 1901) & political activist. The authors highlight Loeb's organizational actions & political opinions during the years of 1906 to 1924, the year he died. As a social activist & scientist, Loeb influenced the scientific community, the politically sensitive public, & ultimately the population against conservative & reactionary attitudes toward race, ethnicity, poverty, criminality, war & religion.” He took positions on WW 1, social activism, his influence on the economist Thorstein Veblen & finally philosophy & politics. Loeb was hailed early in his career for his work on spontaneous generation of marine embryos & recognized later for his active challenge to social intolerance.

Francis Reginald Wingate (1861-1953) was a major figure in the political, administrative, and military history of the Middle East from the early 1880s until the end of WWI. As dir. of military intelligence in the British-officered Egyptian Army during the Sudan campaigns; as sirdar (commander-in-chief) of that army and gov.-gen. of the Sudan during the formative period of its colonial admin.; and as high commissioner in Egypt during the latter half of the first world war and the crisis that led to the Egyptian revolution of 1919, he stands with Cromer and Kitchener as architects of the British empire in the Middle East. Yet Wingate has received much less notice than his famous contemporaries such as Gordon of Khartoum and Lawrence of Arabia. This biography corrects the historical imbalance. Illus.

A study of the educational opportunities offered after WW1 to Amer. soldiers of the Amer. Expeditionary Forces (AEF). Some stayed in Europe and studied art, attended classes at the Sorbonne, took medical courses at London’s Fellowship of Med., read law at the Inns of Court, enrolled in veterinary classes at the Univ. of Edinburgh, and studied French culture and language at numerous French univ. and inst. About 10,000 men were involved in these programs. In addition, 10,000 soldier-students attended the AEF’s own univ. at Beaune. For a few months in the spring of 1919, this univ. was the largest in the English-speaking world. Other educational opportunities of various sorts were made available to virtually every soldier in the AEF. Illustrations.

The massive invasion of Japan planned for Nov., 1945 required accurate knowledge of the weather conditions that moved across the Japanese Islands from Siberia. The U.S. Navy MOKO Expedition was sent to Siberia to forecast the weather for the invasion forces. The MOKO Expedition arrived in Siberia on 24 Aug. 1945 and became operational on 15 Oct. 1945. The desperate efforts to set up a major weather station in time for the planned invasion were successful in spite of the exasperating tactics of the Soviets, the incredibly cold weather, and the primitive environment. Yoder served as an meteorologist on the expedition. Here is his story of the U.S. Navy Expedition. Photos and maps.

Two gifted 18th-century Londoners, Lord Charles Cavendish and his preeminent son, the Honorable Henry Cavendish, were descendants of paired revolutions, one political and the other scientific. Scions of a powerful revolutionary family, they gave a highly original turn to their understanding of public service. Lord Charles began his career as a Member of Parliament and ended it as an officer of the Royal Society, and his son Henry made a complete life within science, in the course of which he demonstrated skills that rank him with the greatest scientists of all time. In the history of British aristocracy, in high tide following the revolutionary settlement, there was no action more remarkable than Henry Cavendish gently laying delicate weights in the pan of his incomparable precision balance. Illustrations.

Frank Norris (1870-1902) has long been recognized by cultural historians as a “touchstone” figure, clearly signaling in 1899 the emergence of an Amer. school of Literary Naturalism. “McTeague: A Story of San Francisco” secured this honor for him that year as it registered more fully than any previous Amer. novel the Darwinian view of life that is the essential characteristic of all subsequent Naturalistic fictions. It thus marked as well the rejection of the Victorian Era’s habitually idealistic representations of human nature and its basically religious world-view, offering instead a post-metaphysical portrait of the human condition that has remained popular in 20th-cent. literary and intellectual circles. Includes all of the known writings of Norris published between 11 April 1896 and 1897. Illus.

Yokes, hachas and palmas (YH&P) are 3 extraordinary pre-Columbian art forms that occur in a specific region of Mexico and Central Amer. and have no counterparts anywhere else. Although research proves that the names by which they are known have no bearing on their function, these misnomers have persisted. The practice of carving YH&P originated in the state of Veracruz in Mexico where they have been fairly well documented and considered exclusive paraphernalia of the ceremonial pre-Columbian ballgames. This vol. focuses on the YH&P that are from outside of Veracruz, in the peripheral Maya area of Southern Mesoamerica (Chiapas, Tabasco, Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador). Reprint of Hardcover edition. Hundreds of b&w illus.

This study of ideological politics in Victorian and Edwardian England centers on a referendal theory promoted by the great Lord Salisbury when he opposed William Gladstone’s Liberal gov’ts. It was subsequently carried forward in the form of the referendum by Salisbury’s son-in-law and ideological heir, the second Lord Selborne. Salisbury is today recognized as the most successful electorally of Conservative leaders. Selborne, though not as well known to historians, had a high contemporary reputation as an imperial proconsul who had united S. Africa. According to the referendal theory, the House of Lords had a duty to refer disputed legislation to the electorate when the House of Commons, in the lords’ judgment, lacked a mandate for the measure in question. That is, the lords’ political barometer was not the commons, as Gladstone contended, but the nat. at large. If this proposition prevailed, the lords could freely exercise an independent legislative veto in an age of expanding democracy. Not until the Liberals passed the Parliament Act (1911) were they able to counter the theory effectively. But well before this, Selborne’s advocacy of the referendum was challenged by another Conservative leader, Lord Curzon, who had served for a decade as viceroy of India. Their rivalry is one of this study’s most provocative and illuminating themes.

On the basis of newly-discovered Russian and British archival sources, Prof. Kaplan makes important scholarly contributions to 18th-cent. economic history. He demonstrates that there was not only a symbiotic economic relationship between Russia and Great Britain, but also that Russia contributed greatly to Britain’s industrial revolution and its imperial strategic military and political power during the second half of the 18th cent. Kaplan is the first to estimate the real balance of payments between the two countries. Kaplan’s meticulous analysis of Anglo-Russian commercial treaties as well as Russian tariffs, which were intended to undermine them, reveals policies that both countries undertook to advance their respective maritime and mercantile power. Charts and tables.

The 2nd of 3 vols. by Prof. Marshall Clagett on Ancient Egyptian Science. Contents: Part I: Intro. to Egyptian Calendars; Parker’s Account of the Old Lunar Calendar; The Later Lunar Calendar; The Origin of the Civil Calendar; Sothic Dates & the Ebers Calendar; The Night Hours; Decanal Clocks; Transit Decanal Clocks; The Ramesside Star Clock; Outflow Water Clocks; Inflow Water Clocks; Shadow Clocks; Egyptian Sundials; Traces of a 24-hour Day with Equal Hours; Astronomical Ceilings & Other Monuments; The Ceiling of the Secret Tomb of Senmut; The Vaulted Ceiling of Hall K in Seti I’s Tomb; Egyptian Zodiacs. Part II: Documents. Part III: Bibliography & Indexes. Part IV: Illustrations.

The fifth installment of a projected “Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit,” which will provide all available bibliographical info. concerning works in Jyotihsastra & related fields & biographical info. concerning their authors. Jyotihsastra is traditionally divided into 3 skandhas or branches: hora or genethlialogy & other forms of horoscopic astrology, ganita or math. & mathematical astronomy, & samhita or divination. This vol. contains entries on authors whose names being with the Sanskrit semivowels (y, r, l, & v). This material is preceded by additional abbrev. of journals, additional biblio., & additional manuscript catalogs, as well as entries supplemental to those in vols. I-IV of Series A. No new material after Spring of 1992.

The International Brigades were some 32,000 foreigners who fought in the Spanish Civil War. Prof. Michael Jackson peels away some myths that have long obscured them. Some of these concern facts such as their numbers, nations, classes, ages, & political affiliations. Others examine their commitment & motivation for taking part in a war that did not directly involve their native lands. The Brigaders were both more complex & simpler than portrayed in propaganda, myth, in history because the men in the ranks were far more varied than any ideological account can accommodate & simpler because theirs was the universal experience of war. The significance of the International Brigades lies less in the ideological convictions that recruited them than in the endurance they displayed once there. Jackson’s goal is to expose some of the mythology & to interpret of the experiences of the Brigadiers.

This work is a study of the origins of the ancient Greek stadium, especially with regard to the archaeological evidence from the Archaic & Classical sites of Corinth, Isthmia, Halieis and Olympia. The earliest remains of the Greek “stadion” come from the Peloponnesos, a region of southern Greece, although the architectural structure eventually became well known all over the Greek and Roman world. The author also includes the ancient evidence for the initial appearance of the world “stadion” in the Greek language and its early use in the 6th and 5th centuries B.C. The primary component of this work is the most recent archaeological research from Ancient Corinth concerning the Archaic “dromos” and the Early Classical starting line and its significance for the study of Greek and Roman athletics, as well as the understanding of early Greek mathematics. Illus.

This installment of the “Census” provides all available biblio. info. concerning works in jyotihsastra & related fields & bio. info. concerning their authors. Jyotihsastra is traditionally divided into 3 skandhas or branches: hora or genethlialogy & other forms of horoscopic astrology, ganita or mathematics & mathematical astronomy, & samhita or divination. This vol. is devoted to those authors whose names begin with a cerebral (c, ch, j, & jh), a reflexive (t, th, d, & dh), or a dental (t, th, d dh, & n). Preceding the material relating to these authors is a section supplemental to vols. I & II. This section contains abbrev. of new periodicals & series that have been consulted, a biblio. of books & articles that have appeared or have been belatedly noticed since vol. II went to press, & a list of catalogs it has been possible to utilize. The rest of the vol. contains supplementary info. concerning 100 authors already noted in the two previous vols. & all the data currently available concerning almost 800 new authors. Reprinted 1992.

The Hopi are the westernmost group of the Pueblo Indians of the southwestern U.S. They live on a high, dry plateau in northern Arizona, and have been a sedentary, agricultural people. This study establishes the stylistic parameters of song in a particular culture. Author List determines what is meant when a Hopi person states that two or more performances are those of the same song. To what extent can speech sounds, pitches, and durational values, or the forms of which they are the constituents, differ and the performances still be considered to be those of the same song? List transcribed and compared 8 recordings of performances of a particular kachina dance song and 11 recordings of performance of a particular lullaby, made from 1903 to 1984. Illus.

The first scholarly study to treat the sepulchral memorials of Quattrocento Siena in a comprehensive way. These works include contributions by such noted sculptors as Jacopo della Quercia, Il Vecchietta, Neroccio de’Landi, Giovanni di Stefano, and Urbano da Cortona, as well as a number of monuments by followers of Donatello. Some of these works, most notably Quercia’s tomb for Ilaria del Carretto, occupy well-recognized places in the history of Italian sculpture. But others, many of significant artistic importance, are presented here for the first time. Includes a thorough catalogue of all traceable figured memorials from Renaissance Siena and its artistic dependencies, Illustrations.

This vol. evolved from a tiny segment of the author’s study of the Cabinet of Curiosities of the Am. Philosophical Soc. (APS). One of the divisions of this Cabinet is “Objets d’Art” and he included furniture in this division. As time passed, awareness grew of several fascinating and valuable antiques in the Soc., begining with 1769. Most of the “objets” pertain to various presidents of the Soc., although a few are from members whose activity in the Soc. was memorable. Some items were purchased, also, or made, for the Soc. No work has been done hitherto on this furniture as a unitl. Several pieces are well known and have been researched at various times: Franklin’s library chair, the Rittenhouse astronomical timepiece, the chair which Jefferson purchased in Philadelphia in 1776 and used while he wrote the Declaration of Independence, for example. Little is known of most of the various artifacts, however, or their provenance. Photos.

Harvey Chisick wrote this study after he came across the documents that form the heart of this study, the subscription lists to the the newspaper the “Ami du Roi”, by accident while working on a a comparative study of the “Anne Litteraire” & “Journal Encyclopedique.” Contents of this vol.: The Periodical Press in the 18th Century; The Short, Unhappy & Principled Career of the “Ami du Roi” of the Abbe Royou; The Production & Distribution of the “Ami du Roi”; The Office of the “Ami du Roi” as a Center for the Dissemination of Pamphlet Literature; The Subscribers to the “Ami du Roi”: Geographical Distribution, Gender & Collective Subscriptions; The Subscribers of the “Ami du Roi”: Status & Occupation; The Enlightenment & Counter-Revolution: The Contract Founding the “Ami du Roi”; Classification of Subscribers to the “Ami du Roi”; & Bibliography.

William Duer belonged to the middle ranks of those who led America to success in her struggle for independence, standing just behind such men as John Jay and Robert R. Livingston. Duer, as a member of the N.Y. State Convention and the Continental Congress, as Sec. to the Board of Treasury under the Confed. and Assist. to the Sec. of the Treasury when the fed. govt. was organized, had a role in all the significant changes which occurred during the revolutionary period. Yet interspersed with his public career was his career as a stock speculator, land promoter, army contractor, and merchant. Duer never tired of trying to combine public office with private profit. This is the first full scale study of Duer’s entire career, although, due to lack of material about his personal life, it should not be taken as a biography.

Dr. Susan E. Klepp, a Mellon Fellow in Bibliography at the APS in 1986-87, suggested to the Librarian that the publication of the APS collection of Phila. mortality bills from 1722 to 1859, together with those from other repositories which APS does not possess, would constitute a major research resource for students of early American and comparative history. Dr. Klepp has not only executed that task skillfully, but she has given us a fine brief history of the study of the vital statistics of Philadelphia together with an annotated bibliography of secondary works. Contains over 200 broadsides.

Discusses how modernization and the birth of the nation state, with the concomitant impact of Western ideas, gave birth to a significantly different form of anti-Semitism in Romania. This type defined its national goals in a limited manner. That it did so would be critical in the 20th cent. for the survival of almost half a million Romanian Jews. Its unusual character would be hidden from view in most instances by a brutality of execution that has led observers over the course of the last hundred years or so to focus on the style rather than substance of what happened. The Romanians did not cooperate in the full execution of the Final Solution as the Nazis wanted and expected them to do. As they had done in the 19th cent., the Romanians attempted to counterpoise Great Power interests and thereby pursue their own self-interest whenever the Jewish Question came into play.

This volume is a catalog of the rich & extensive collection of maps in the Library of the American Philosophical Soc. (APS) in Philadelphia. it contains information on some 1,750 printed maps, over 1,000 manuscript maps, 136 atlases, two globes, & one model. Murphy Smith began this project in 1985 shortly after he retired from his long career as Associate Librarian of the Society, when Librarian Edward C. Carter II named him Andrew W. Mellon Sr. Research Fellow. Smith came to be recognized as one of the most knowledgeable & helpful historical RCRA librarians in the country. Illustrations.

This book is in many ways a sequel to the 4 vols. of Setton’s “Papacy & the Levant (1204-1571),” although the emphasis has shifted northward from the Holy See to Venice & Austria. Includes such topics as: Austrians & Turks in the Long War (1592-1606); the Bohemian Succession, & the Outbreak of the 30 Years’ War; Gustavus Adolphus, Cardinal Richeliu, & the Hapsburgs; the Increasing Importance of France; The Treaties of Westphalia; Venice, Malta, & the Turks; The Long War of Candia; The Turco-Venetian War (1646-1653); Naval Battles at the Dardanelles (1654-1657); the Cretan War; Papal Aid to Venice; Surrender of Venice to the Turks; Turco-Venetian Relations (1670-1683) & the Turkish Siege of Vienna; The Conquests of the Austrians in Hungary, the Revolt of the Turkish Army, & the Venetians in the Morea (1684-1687); the Invasion of Attica, & the Destruction of the Parthenon; The Venetians’ Withdrawal fron Athens; the Removal of Antiquities; Louis XIV, the Turks, & the War of the League of Augsburg; the Turkish Reconquest of the Morea; the Victories of Eugene of Savoy; & Venice as a Playground of Europe.

This second volume of the Trukese-English Dictionary supplements the first one, published in 1980. It provides an English-Trukese index or finderlist for the Trukese-English of the first volume & a concordance of roots, including what appear to be complex words that we cannot analyze into constituent elements. The Truk Dictionary Project was supported by the Nat. Science Found. (NSF), the Dept. of Ed. of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, the Univ. of Penna., & the Univ. of Hawaii. Illustration.

Behind the original pubication of Montgomery’s “Practical Detail” (1840) lay the continuing concern about world markets & international economic & technological leadership. Montgomery’s achievement lay in the wealth & reliability of the comparative data he assembled, for the first time, about the Am. & British cotton industries, which were then the high tech of industrializing societies. For the tech. & economics of production of the early 19th century cotton industries, his work remains indispensable. A mss. has recently surfaced in which Montgomery recorded the changes he intended for the 2nd ed. of his classic. The vol. is prefaced by a biog. of Montgomery, tracing his Scottish background & his migration from Glasgow to New England in the 1830s, & an intro. to the 2nd ed., establishing its context. Appended to the Montogmery text are the documents of the “justitia controversy,” from the Boston newspapers of 1841, in which the merits & relative costs of steam & water power were debated. Scholarly footnotes, textual & substantive, are provided as appropriate. Illus.

Recounts the various styles of leadership shown by several prominent German chemists and biochemists during the period 1830 to 1914. Featured particularly are chemists Liebig, Baeyer and Emil Fischer and biochemists Hoppe-Seyler, Kuhne and Hofmeister. In a final chapter, Fruton considers the relevance of the conclusions drawn from the style of these 19th- and early 20th-centuy men to the styles of more recent research groups in the chemical and biochemical sciences. Special emphasis is placed on their influence on their scientific progenies in Germany, and in England, Russia, and the U.S. Attention is given to the individual contributions of the junior members of these scientific groups to the growth of knowledge within their disciplines.

Frank Schmitt has for two thirds of a century been searching for -- and in many cases finding -- explanations of major biomedical importance. His is a very human story -- of a youth in high school doing experiments in a make-shift chemical laboratory in the attic of the family home; of a young university student who organized a students’ science society and whose undergraduate research on cell structure was published in major professional journals; of a medical school student who wrote a thesis that attracted the attention of cardiologists for many years; of a devoted husband who, with his young wife, spent two postdoctoral years in Berkeley, London and Berlin and later made two trips around the world with her as he set up a worldwide network of neuroscientists. As a young scientist at Washington University, Schmitt investigated polarization optical and x-ray diffraction methods to discover the molecular structure of living tissues -- this, long before molecular biology was established as a scientific discipline. Schmitt was called to head biology at MIT in 1941. There he added electron microscopy to his ultrastructural repertoire and used much of it in wartime research. As an Institute Professor (MIT’s highest rank), he became a leader in the founding and characterization of the fields of biophysic and neuroscience. Schmitt was also deeply committed to music, along with his wife, and had an interest in theology. Photos.

Zupco presents the legacies of the Middle Ages to the pioneering reformers of the Scientific Revolution; the monumental impact of math, physics, chemistry, astronomy, & technology on modern metrology; the creations, struggles, & successes of the Metric System; & the intense battles between metrics & customary metrologies that have waged since the end of the 18th cent. Includes insights into the personalities involved in metrological events: scientists, technologists, bureaucrats, ministers, members of scientific soc., & shows the impact of scientific experimentation & social revolutions. Includes a comprehensive biblio. of European metrology & the sources relevant to the underpinnings for this period in weights & measures history. Illus.

William Maclure (1763-1840) was an Amer. geologist & philanthropist who traveled extensively in Europe during the early years of the 19th century, conducting geological surveys & collecting rock & mineral specimens for schools & scientific institutions in the U.S. He has been called “the Father of Modern Geology” for the extraordinary feat of having made a one-man geological survey of the eastern U.S. from Maine to Georgia, & from the Mississippi to the Atlantic. Maclure used his wealth to support such institutions as the Acad. of Natural Sciences of Phila. & to subsidize the work of a number of scientists & teachers. He was also concerned with the reform of education & set up libraries & schools for children of the lower classes. Scholars have questioned why Maclure retired early to devote the rest of his life to science & reform. Some answers may be found in this vol., which includes transcriptions from microfilm of some 20 journals which Maclure kept during his travels & research in Europe; they span the years 1805-15 & 1820-25. Illus.

This guide incorp. entries from the guide pub. in 1966 (Memoirs of the APS, Vol. 66). The earlier entries have been updated and listings for all new collections, microfilm holdings, sound recordings (esp. in Native Amer. lang.), and maps are now included. Since the first guide, the Library has increased its holdings significantly -- adding the papers of many distinguished scholars -- among them George Gaylord Simpson, Herman Goldstine, Salvador E. Luria, Elsie Clews Parsons, Theodosius Dobzhansky and Hanry DeWolf Smyth. Other major collections have also been enhanced, notably those for Darwin, Native Amer. studies, linguistics, genetics, the histories of med., technology, 20th-cent. physics, and natural history. This last includes a large collection of the prints of Benjamin Smith Barton.

Two striking discoveries made 1740 a turning point in the history of 18th-century biology. Charles Bonnet established that aphids could reproduce without male fertilization. Shortly afterwards Abraham Trembley proved that a tiny aquatic animal, the fresh water polyp, or hydra, could regenerate from cuttings like some plants. The discovery of the polyp was important because of the disturbing metaphysical issues that it raised. In their letters written during the decade of the 1740s to Reaumur, the great French Academician, both Trembley & Bonnet referred to the polyp as an enigma. Not only did it seem to present a new mode of animal reproduction, previously unsuspected, but it called into question the prevailing mechanistic view of animal biology & brought into focus the problem of animal soul. Drawing on some of the most illuminating letters from the private archives of the Trembley family, this study focuses on the discovery of the polyp, using the correspondence of Bonnet & Trembley to understand their common Genevan background & their possible differences in approach from that of Reaumur.

These 12 essays reflect Dr. Bell’s interests not only as a distinguished scholar of Benjamin Franklin & of the cultural & scientific life of early Amer., but also as Librarian & Exec. Officer of the APS. Contents: Remarks by Jonathan Rhoads; Biographical Sketch of Dr. Bell, with Selected Biblio.; Benjamin Franklin,”The Old England Man” by Esmond Wright; Frustration & Benjamin Franklin’s Medical Books, by Edwin Wolf 2nd; William Byrd Reports on His Mission to the Cherokee in 1758, by W. W. Abbot; The Men of ‘68: Graduates of Amer’s. First Medical School, by Randolph Klein; The Search for the State House Yard Observatory, by Silvio Bedini; Benjamin Henry Latrobe, “Learned Engineer,” The APS, & the Promotion of Useful Knowledge & Works, 1798-1809, by Edward Carter II; The Phila. Soc. For Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons, 1787-1829, by Marvin Wolfgang; Cotton Textiles & Industrialism, by Thomas Cochran; The Amer. Industrial Revolution Through its Survivals, by Brooke Hindle; A Catalog of Books Belonging to Benjamin Smith Barton, by Joseph Swan; Foreign Membership of Biological Scientists in the APS During the 18th & 19th Cent., by Bentley Glass; & Louis Agassiz as an Early Embryologist in Amer., by Jane Oppenheimer. Illus.

This is a supplement to the planetary, lunar and solar tables produced by Bryant Tuckerman (1962, 1964). These tables have proved an invaluable aid to historians of astronomy. An important usage is the dating of ancient and medieval astronomical observations, but the tables also have wide application in determining the accuracy of early measurements and calculations. This supplementary volume owes its origin to the discovery by the authors of significant errors in Tuckerman’s tabular positions of Mars. They made a comparison between Tuckerman’s positions for the Sun and planets and those computed from an integrated ephemeris. Only in the case of the longitude of Mars were errors found to be serious.

Of all the political parties in German history none was more ambivalent than the Social Democratic Party (SDP). Beneath the misleading surplice of Marxism, the SDP was basically only a lower class reformist party. This study shows that, far from continuing revolution, very realistic, ordinary goals of pacification & recovery after WW1 determined the tactics of the SDP. A sober understanding of the importance of foreign policy for the post-war goals of Social Democracy, coupled with the fact that it could not control an electoral majority, led it to abandon its anti-collaborationism of imperial times. By 1930 the SDP was so enmeshed in foreign policy, collaboration, & toleration that it was powerless to summon the workers to battle against Nazism. Illus.

Contents: The Uncompleted World of the Revolution & the Origins of the Dispute Over the Princes’ Properties; The First Stages of the Controversy, Nov. 1925 to Jan. 1926: The Communists Set the Pace; The Social Democratic Party Astride Two Horses: The SPD’s Decision to Support the Referendum, Jan., 1926; The Dilemma of the Middle Parties: Could the Reichstage Find an Alternative to the Initiative Proposal? Jan.-March, 1926; “The Center Party Must Remain the Center Party”; From the Initiative to the Referendum, March-June, 1926: Chances for Parliamentary Action Fade; & The Failure of the Referendum & Its Aftermath.

When Scotsman Joseph Hume died in 1855 his contemporaries assumed he would be remembered as one of the most important politicians of his time. He was a champion of free-trade principles & radical reform. Though Hume never held office, he was in the forefront of nearly every major reform endeavor in the first half of the 19th century. He rose to popularity on the basis of his attack on government spending. Like most other free traders, Hume believed that no government could be satisfactory until it recognized the full measure of citizen freedom, whether that involved economic liberty, civil liberty, or religious liberty. Bibliography.

The third of 4 vols. which trace the history of the later Crusades & papal relations with the Levant from the accession of Innocent III (in 1198) to the reign of Pius V & the battle of Lepanto (1566-1571). Contents: Pius III, Julius II, & the Romagna; Venice, the Soldan of Egypt, & the Turks; The League of Cambrai, the Turks & the Gallican Conciliarists; The Council of Pisa-Milan & the Battle of Ravenna, the Fifth Lateran Council & Selim the Grim; Leo X, the Lateran Council, & the Ottoman Conquest of Egypt; Leo X & Plans for a Crusade against Selim the Grim; Hadrian VI, the Fall of Rhodes, & Renewal of the War in Italy; Pavia & the League of Cognac, Mohacs & the Turks in Hungary, Bourbon’s March on Rome; The Sack of Rome & the Siege of Naples; Before & After the Turkish Siege of Vienna; Clement VII, Francis I, & Hapsburg Opposition to the Turks; Paul III, the Lutherans, Venice & the Turks; Paul III, the Hapsburgs, & Francis I, the Turks & the Council of Trent; & The Election of Julius III, the Council of Trent, the Turks & the War of Parma. Reprinted in paperback on demand.

These tables cover the period from the mid-17th to the 19th cent. when astronomical ephemerides were evolving most rapidly. These tables resemble those previously pub. by the APS: Tuckerman’s “Planetary, Lunar, and Solar Positions, 601 B.C. to A.D. 1” and “A.D. 2 to A.D. 1649” and Goldstine’s “New and Full Moon, 1001 B.C. to A.D. 1651.” The tables contain features consistent with the almanacs and ephemerides pub. in this period: planetary positions are computed for 12 hours U.T. (noon); and the Julian day number is given for new and full moons. An analytical essay examines the theoretical and computational developments in almanac-making in the period that bridges between Kepler and Laplace.

A supplement to “A Guide to Manuscripts Relating to the American Indian in the Library of the APS,” published by the Society in 1966. In only a dozen years since the pub. of the “Guide,” substantial additions to the collection reached the point where a revision or supplement to the “Guide” was desirable and even necessary. For this purpose the Library was fortunate to obtain the services of Daythal Kendall, then a graduate student in the University of Pennsylvania, whose own research on the language of the Takelma Indians eminently qualified him for the undertaking. As he states in his introduction, Dr. Kendall has not only followed the format of the predecessor vol., but has introduced into his own text cross references to the “Guide.”

This fourth volume of the “Census” provides all available bibliographical info. concerning works in jyotihsastra & related fields & biographical info. concerning their authors. Jyotihsastra is traditionally divided into 3 skandhas or branches: hora or genethlialogy & other forms of horoscopic astrology, ganita or mathematics & mathematical astronomy, & samhita or divination. This volume contains articles on authors whose names being with labials (p, ph, b, bh, & m). These are preceded by material supplemental to vol. I, II, & III. This material consists of abbrev. of new periodicals & serials that have been consulted, a biblio. of books & articles that have been noticed since volume III went to press, & a list of additional catalogs that have been utilized.

Unlike most metrological systems throughout W. Europe, the Italian developed during the Middle Ages (MA) & Early Modern era without any ref. to a commonly accepted set of nat.-ethnic standards. Italy, with its many kingdoms, duchies, communes, etc., was never able to attain any level of metrological standardization outside the confines of severely restricted, small, independent, political jurisdictions. Not until unification in 1871, were Italian weights & measures (W&M) given a totally nat. character. And it was the metric system, & not a conglomerate of units from the old, that finally accomplished the task. This book presents a quantitative compilation, synthesis, & analysis of the principal pre-metric W&M employed throughout Italy & in those areas controlled or influenced by Italy from the Later MA to the age of metrication in the later 19th cent. Tables.

A history of the development of French royal finance in the 14th century. An earlier work studied the crown’s finances between 1322 and 1356 when France was still in the “age of the war subsidy” and taxes were temporary wartime expedients. This book, a sequel to that study, shows how the capture of King John II in 1356 led to a critical change in the history of royal taxation. In the king’s absence, the Estates General failed to secure adequate revenues, fell victim to factional strife, and were discredited. To ransom the monarch, the government imposed the first regular taxes in French history. With these annual revenues, the monarchy was able to finance an army that won important victories in the 1370s. This vol. continues the detailed political history of royal taxation up to 1445.

The friendship between Lafayette & Washington began slowly but had developed fully by late 1777. By the time Lafayette’s military service in America had come to an end, they were good friends. During the course of their correspondence Lafayette discussed all manner of public & private events & aspirations with Washington. Thus his letters furnish an intimate & revealing account of great events & of the great & near-great men who were a part of them. These letters were first published in 1944 in a privately printed edition of 400 copies. The present editors have re-examined the manuscripts used for all the letters & have corrected the earlier reading wherever historical accuracy requires it. A new preface presents revised interpretations of some of the letters.

Franklin’s printing house was one of the most influential in all the Brit. colonies in the 18th cent. Here are bibliographically accurate descriptions of the more than 800 items from broadsides to books printed by Franklin or by the partnership of Franklin and Hall. Lists 600+ pieces of job printing by Franklin, and another 100 items erroneously ascribed to the Franklin shop. Includes a summary account of Franklin’s career as a printer in Phila., and individual essays on his dealings with the Brit. type-founders, the colonial Amer. papermakers, and the PA and New England bookbinders. Includes specimens of Franklin’s first type fonts and pictorial reproductions of his stock of decorative ornaments and of rubbings of binders’ tools found on vol. bearing his imprint.

The first installment: provides all available biblio. info. concerning works in Jyotihsastra & related fields & bio. info. concerning their authors. Jyotihsastra is traditionally divided into 3 skandhas or branches: hora or genethlialogy and other forms of horoscopic astrology, ganita or mathematics & mathematical astronomy, and samhita or divination. The related fields to which attention is paid in this study are cosmology & geography (largely of the Jainas) and those aspects of dharmasastra that involve the determination of the proper times for the performance of ritual acts. This vol. contains in their initial form the list of abbrev. of journals & series, the biblio., the list of mss. catalogues, and the articles concerning authors whose names begin with a, i, u, r, l, e ai, o, and au.

These tables for A.D. 2 to A.D. 1649 are an extension, with some improvements, of earlier ones for 601 B.C. to A.D. 1. As before, they give the geocentric positions (tropic celestial longitudes & latitudes, i.e. with respect to the mean equinox of date), in units of 0 degrees.01 for the Sun & planets, & 0 degrees.1 for the Moon, at 16h Universal Time - 4 P.M. Greenwich Civil Time - 7 P.M. local mean time of 45 degrees East longitude (Babylon), on the indicated dates, all in the Julian calendar, hence for Julian dates 5n + 1/6 for the Moon, Mercury, & Venus, & 1-n + 1/6 for the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, & Saturn. The same adaptation of the theories of Leverrier, Gaillot, & Hansen, with modified elements by Schoch, was used as before, except as noted below. The chief change has been to improve the positions of Jupiter & Saturn. Tables.