Impact Factor: 1.2

Journal

Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal

The international research journal on sustainable utilization of forest bioresources

Editor-in-Chief: Gunnar Henriksson

Language: English

First published: January 20, 1986

Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year

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About this journal

Objective

Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal (NPPRJ) is a peer-reviewed, international scientific journal covering to-date science and technology research in the areas of wood-based biomass:

Pulp and paper: products and processes

Wood constituents: characterization and nanotechnologies

Bio-refining, recovery and energy issues

Utilization of side-streams from pulping processes

Novel fibre-based, sustainable and smart materials.

The editors and the publisher are committed to high quality standards and rapid handling of the peer review and publication processes.

Topics

Cutting-edge topics such as, but not limited to, the following:

Biorefining, energy issues

Wood fibre characterization and nanotechnology

Side-streams and new products from wood pulping processes

Mechanical pulping

Chemical pulping, recovery and bleaching

Paper technology

Paper chemistry and physics

Coating

Paper-ink-interactions

Recycling
Environmental issues

Article formats

Research articles, reviews

Your Benefits

Your benefits

State-of-the art knowledge in the broad field of wood-based biomass science and technology

Strong interdisciplinary approach

Renowned international editorial and scientific advisory boards

Publication online and print incl. online first mode

Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal is published in cooperation with Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden and run as a project at KTH with Chalmers University of Technology, Karlstad University, Mid Sweden University, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Aalto University, Åbo Akademi University, Luleå University of Technology and University of Oulu.

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Implications of dry-heat ageing on the structure and mechanical properties of the special Chinese pulp fibre and its handsheets

October 23, 2025

Bingwei Chen, Yanqing Miao, Jiahui Chen, Yu’na Kan, Shengcheng Zhai, Hao Ren, Wujun Xiao

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The phloem fibres of wingceltis ( Pteroceltis tatarinowii ) are a key resource for traditional Chinese handmade paper. This study investigated changes in handsheets made from phloem fibres of wingceltis during dry-heat ageing. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectra indicated that mild oxidation occurred in cellulose. Though minimal, this oxidation could still induce cellulose degradation, leading to a decrease in the mechanical properties of individual phloem fibres. The analysis of the pore structure via nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms revealed a complex, hybrid variation mode, characterised by the reduction of larger pores and/or voids while micropores formed. By combining chemical, structural, and mechanical analyses, this study demonstrated a simultaneous occurrence of a decrease in fibre strength and an increase in inter-fibre bond strength. However, the modest enhancement in inter-fibre bond strength was insufficient to compensate for the decline in the mechanical strength of the individual fibres. This work attempted to evaluate the mechanical properties of paper from a microscale perspective, highlighting its potential for future non-destructive analysis of paper relics.
Open Access
A high molecular weight coloured component in kraft pulping black liquor originates from polysaccharide degradation

October 31, 2025

Pär A. Lindén, Alexander Andersson, Martin Lawoko, Mikael E. Lindström, Gunnar Henriksson

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During kraft pulping of wood, a considerable part of biomass is solubilized, forming a black liquor from which material can be taken out as by-products. Of these, extractive-derived fractions such as tall oil and raw turpentine has long seen technical utilization, and presently, lignin degradation products have garnered a large interest. The carbohydrate degradation products, however, have seen considerably less focus. In this work, we have investigated the structure of a high molecular-weight fraction of the carbohydrate degradation products using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, finding it to be a conjugated aromatic structure rich in methyl, methylidine, alcohol and carboxylic acid groups. Based on this information, we suggest a structure based on hydroxymethylfurfural as the repeating unit, with sugar acid substituents providing additional functionality. Additionally, UV–vis data of the polymer is compared with data from the kraft cooking of cotton linters and other model systems to corroborate the hypothesis that this polymer is indeed present in black liquor and potentially responsible for some of its characteristic colour. It also reacts in the kappa number analysis, exhibiting 40 % of the permanganate consumption predicted for pure lignin. Finally, the technical significance of these carbohydrate degradation products is discussed based on the structural findings.
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A comparison analysis of the paperboard properties: bagasse versus recycled paperboards

October 15, 2025

Reza Beiranvand, Hossein Gharebeiglou, Elaheh Gharehkhani

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In this study, we examined the physical, chemical, and microbial properties of two types of industrial paperboards, with the same initial basis weight (Grammage = 180 g/m 2 ). One type was made from bagasse (Sugarcane stalk residue), while the other was recycled. Following the guidelines set by the International Organization for Standardization, we employed various apparatuses to analyze the similarities and differences between the two paperboards, with the results undergoing statistical analysis. The findings showed that both types of paperboards met the quality indicators established by the standards of the International Organization for Standardization. Notably, the bagasse-based paperboard exhibited superior microbial properties, hydrophilicity, water absorption, flexibility, folding endurance, tear resistance, and stiffness compared to recycled paperboard. Conversely, the recycled paperboard demonstrated higher tensile strength than the bagasse paperboard. Overall, the results indicate that both types of paperboards provide viable solutions to various challenges in sustainable packaging and could help address issues within the food packaging industry.
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Qualitative assessment on fold cracking of coated substrates: a digital image-based approach

October 14, 2025

Magdolna Pál, Tomislav Cigula, Ivana Jurič, Bojan Banjanin, Nada Miketić, Gordana Bošnjaković, Gala Golubović

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This study introduces two novel image-based metrics to evaluate fold cracking in coated papers: the Crack Perimeter and Area ratio (CPA ratio) and Fold Crack Distribution (FCD). These metrics aim to supplement traditional white pixel percentage (WPP) measurements by describing crack patterns and their distribution. The results show that both metrics effectively characterise the qualitative aspects of fold cracking. The CPA ratio distinguishes between fine, segmented cracks in lighter papers and larger, cohesive damage in heavier ones. The FCD metric reveals irregular crack distributions in lower basis weight samples and more uniform patterns in heavier papers. Folding in the cross-direction consistently caused more severe and evenly spread damage compared to machine-direction folding. Strong negative correlations were observed between both metrics and the WPP values (R 2 up to 0.9952), confirming their effectiveness in characterising surface damage patterns. Results revealed that flat sample positioning (180°) fails to accurately represent physical damage, while scanning offered superior results compared to photography and microscopy for automated image analysis of fold cracking. These findings highlight the importance of standardised digitisation protocols and methodological transparency in fold crack analysis, while providing new tools for a more comprehensive characterisation of surface damage in coated papers.
Open Access
Green liquor dregs for carbon capture, utilization, and storage: initial LCA and economic analysis

October 29, 2025

Gulnara Shavalieva, Harald Olivegren, Henrikke Baumann, Emmanouela Leventaki, Eduarda Couto Queiroz, Diana Bernin

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Green liquor dregs (GLD) are one of the major inorganic residues generated during the production of pulp through the kraft process. Currently, GLD mostly end up in landfills. Research is underway to explore diverse alternative applications for GLD, and this study conducts an initial assessment to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing GLD as a material for carbon capture, utilization, and storage. The study aims to provide support for further experimental work in this area. Despite uncertainties, the carbonation of GLD demonstrates the potential for carbon capture, utilization, and storage. The results show that the environmental impact of the GLD carbonation process is predominantly influenced by the intended use of the final product (carbonates). Environmental benefits are estimated to range between 142 and 686 kg CO 2 e/tonne of GLD, depending on the adopted scenario. The most environmentally advantageous option involves replacing materials with a high carbon footprint. However, options like using carbonates as construction materials, which necessitate energy-intensive drying, may only be economically viable with access to a low-cost energy source for drying.
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Selection of the elite genotype among the five different Eucalyptus hybrid pulpwood clones for social and farm forestry

December 16, 2025

Sowmya Kuppusamy, Thamaraiselvi Kaliannan

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To meet the raw material demands of the paper industry, social and farm forestry programs require the selection of improved Eucalyptus clones with superior wood properties. In this study, five improved Eucalyptus hybrid clones 9, 21, 4, 16, and 41 were evaluated. These clones were selected on the basis of their field performance. Clone ITC 2315, which performs well in commercial pulp mills, was used as the reference clone. The objective of this study was to assess the kappa number, pulp yield, and pulp properties of the five test clones and compare their performance with the reference clone. Kraft pulping of the extracted wood chips was carried out using a 19 % active alkali charge at 165 °C. Clones with higher pulp yield exhibited lower kappa numbers, indicating effective lignin removal during pulping. The resulting kraft pulps were bleached using a sequence of 70 % chlorine dioxide, 1 % hydrogenperoxide, and 30 % chlorinedioxide. Handsheets were prepared from both the unbleached and bleached pulps, and their properties including brightness, tensile strength, burst index, bulk, and opacity were evaluated. Clones 41, 16, 21 demonstrated higher pulp yields than the reference clone and showed favourable pulp and paper properties. These results suggest that these inter-hybrid clones are more suitable for papermaking applications.
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Effect of sulfonation pretreatment on the extraction of hemicellulose from poplar wood

November 13, 2025

Tiantian Li, Wenguang Li, Penghui Li, Shubin Wu

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Although a variety of hemicellulose extraction methods have been reported, there is a shortage of processes that can reliably produce high molecular weight hemicellulose from fast growing hardwoods such as poplar under mild conditions while maintaining economic viability and reagent recyclability. To address this gap, we developed and optimized a two-stage sulfation–KOH treatment for selective delignification and mild solubilization of hemicellulose from poplar. The optimized sulfonation conditions were: Na 2 SO 3 dosage of 19.77 %, temperature of 147.15 °C, and NaOH dosage of 2.34 %, resulting in a sulfonic acid group content of 114.78 mmol/kg. After recycling the sodium sulfite from the waste solution three times, the sulfonic acid group content of the reused sulfonated slurry remained at 104.09 mmol/kg. Following treatment of the sulfonated solids with 15 wt% KOH solution at room temperature (25 °C) for 1 h, the hemicellulose removal rate reached 69.01 %, lignin removal rate 11.36 %, and cellulose retention rate 95.79 %. Meanwhile, the extracted hemicellulose exhibited a high molecular weight (92,058 g/mol), indicating that the process can recover high-quality hemicellulose under mild conditions. This method therefore offers a feasible pathway for upgrading traditional papermaking feedstocks toward higher-value bio-based materials and supports more sustainable biomass refining strategies with potential economic and environmental benefits.
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A statistical damage constitutive model for the uniaxial mechanical behavior of wood based on the Poisson distribution

November 14, 2025

Weijun Li, Yashuang Bai, Guolin Xu, Na Li

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The constitutive model of materials is fundamental for analyzing the nonlinear behavior of structures. For brittle and quasi-brittle materials, statistical damage constitutive models based on probability density functions offer high computational accuracy. However, existing statistical damage models for wood often show low accuracy, particularly under compressive loading, where discrepancies appear in the softening descending branch of the stress–strain curve. To address this issue, this study proposes establishing a statistical damage constitutive model, takes Yunnan pine and ash wood as examples and proposes a uniaxial statistical damage constitutive model for wood in the longitudinal direction. The model is constructed using the Poisson distribution function, principles of continuum mechanics, and the geometric features of deformation–failure curves. It was implemented as a user-defined material subroutine in the finite element software Abaqus. Numerical simulation results are compared with experimental data to assess the model’s performance. The results indicate that the Poisson distribution-based model can accurately simulate the mechanical behavior of wood, especially under compression and tension. Finite element predictions of stress–strain behavior show strong agreement with test results, with minimal differences in the nonlinear response. This confirms the feasibility and accuracy of applying the Poisson distribution in constitutive modeling of wood.
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Paper wet strength at the press felt seam

November 13, 2025

Omid Mohammadi, Boris Stoeber, Sheldon Green

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Paper machine press felts often contain seams that facilitate their manufacturing and replacement. However, in industrial practice, breaks in the paper sheet commonly initiate at these seam locations. This study examines how press felt seams affect the local wet strength of high grammage papers. A custom experimental setup was developed to dewater paper using either tensioned seamed felts or two uniform felts separated by a small gap (“gap seam”). The pressed paper was then subjected to tensile testing. The pressure distribution near real press felt seams were mapped with pressure-sensitive film. From this, an “effective gap” was defined as the region with reduced pressure. This effective gap increases linearly with felt tension. The wet strength of paper produced using a seamed felt with a given effective gap matched that of paper pressed with a gap seam of the same size. The tests were conducted under industrially relevant conditions for a cardstock-grade paper, including press felt tension, pressure, furnish, and moisture content. Results showed that paper wet strength near the seam decreases exponentially with increasing seam size. The characteristic length scale of this decay closely matches the average fiber length in the furnish.
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Removal of hexenuronic acids by extended oxygen delignification of high-kappa eucalyptus kraft pulp

September 26, 2025

Eraldo Antonio Bonfatti Júnior, Francides Gomes da Silva Júnior

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The presence of hexenuronic acids (HexAs) in kraft pulp interferes with bleaching by increasing the consumption of bleaching chemicals and compromising brightness stability. This study investigated the removal of HexAs during the extended oxygen delignification of eucalyptus kraft pulp with a high initial kappa number (64). Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effects of temperature (80, 100, 120 and 140 °C) and alkali charge (15, 30, 45 and 60 kg t −1 ), both individually and interactively, under three conditions: without additives, with 0.05 % anthraquinone, and with 0.05 % ethanol (based on oven-dry pulp weight). The initial HexAs content (20.09 μmol g −1 ) was significantly reduced under severe conditions, especially in the presence of ethanol, which achieved a maximum reduction of 11.69 μmol g −1 (58.2 %). The removal of HexAs showed a strong dependence on the interaction between temperature and alkali charge, and the observed trends mirrored those of residual lignin, suggesting a similar response to the oxidative alkaline conditions. Among the treatments, ethanol was the most effective, whereas anthraquinone resulted in a limited reduction in HexAs content. These findings highlight the potential of optimized oxygen delignification for effectively reducing HexAs levels.
Open Access
Effects of Eucalyptus globulus addition to softwood greaseproof paper production improved energy efficiency of greaseproof paper production

October 27, 2025

Björn Öman, Henrik Kjellgren, Helena Håkansson, Agne Swerin, Björn Sjöstrand

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The production of natural greaseproof paper is a highly energy extensive process typically involving intense refining of softwood pulp in order to yield a low porosity, high density sheet, with low air permeance. This study evaluates the addition of Eucalyptus globulus hardwood fibers to the softwood stock as an approach for reducing the specific refining energy needed on both machine-made, and laboratory-made papers. This addition reduced the average fiber dimensions, leading to a net saving of up to 160 kWh per ton produced paper within the refining, while either maintaining or improving the pulp and paper properties.
Open Access
Simulations of lateral stress variations in a flexographic print nip

December 3, 2025

Cecilia Rydefalk, Anton Hagman, Artem Kulachenko, Sofia Thorman

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Contact printing, calendaring, and coating of packaging paperboard are standard industry processes that utilize rolling nips. The pressure pulse, maximum pressure, and duration have been extensively studied regarding its effect on the substrate and how it can be changed and controlled to achieve the desired effect. The present study considers lateral variations of the stress in a rolling process. A parametric study of the surface roughness, substrate stiffness, cylinder cover stiffness, and changed nip engagement or impression is performed using Finite Element Modelling. The simulation shows that a smooth surface does not completely negate the effects of the structural thickness. The impression has the most significant impact, and the combination of roughness and non-linear material means that the pressure distribution can change drastically, not just the maximum pressure pulse. Additionally, different combinations of settings can achieve the same mean pressure pulse but have very different stress distributions. E.g. changing the surface roughness will have a significant effect on the pressure variations, but the effect on the pressure profile shape is negligible.
Open Access
PAE adsorption on polyelectrolyte-grafted pulp fibers

October 14, 2025

Abdollah Karami, Xiao Wu, Jose Moran-Mirabal, Robert H. Pelton

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The adsorption of cationic polyamide-amine epichlorohydrin (PAE) paper wet-strength resin onto bleached kraft pulp fibers was increased by grafting hydrolyzed poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride) (PEMAc) onto fiber surfaces before PAE adsorption. The highly negatively charged PEMAc increased the sparse negative charge density on untreated fibers, enhancing PAE adsorption. The adsorption isotherm analysis provided estimates of adsorbed PAE on exterior fiber surfaces, Γ ex , as well as the ideality index, IX , a new measure of isotherm ideality. IX increases when grafting lowers the access of adsorbing polymer to interior surfaces, whereas IX decreases when grafting enhances the adsorption capacity of interior surfaces. A library of 18 adsorption isotherms compares PAE and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) adsorption on unmodified pulps, grafted pulps, and TEMPO-oxidized pulps. The grafted pulps include PEMAc polymers modified with pendent short alkyl or poly(ethylene glycol) chains. A grafted PEMAc content of 4.1 mg PEMAc per g of dry fiber tripled the amount of adsorbed PAE on exterior fiber surfaces. About two anionic PEMAc carboxylic acid groups were required for every adsorbed PAE cationic charge. Modification of the PEMAc with pendent chains had little effect. TEMPO oxidation, at the same total fiber charge content, had no positive impact on PAE adsorption.
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Structural modifications to the pulper for enhanced energy efficiency and fiber quality in recycled paper production

September 23, 2025

Tamer Sözbir

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In this study aimed at enhancing energy efficiency and pulp quality in recycled paper production, the structural optimization of a pulper system was investigated with respect to its effects on the process. Key modifications, including the reduction of rotor blade count, redesign of the screen perforations into a conical geometry, and narrowing of the rotor-to-screen clearance, were implemented to evaluate system performance. Following these improvements, energy consumption was reduced by 8.32 %, the Schopper-Riegler (°SR) degree increased from 20 to 25, and retention time decreased from 7 to 5 min. Significant enhancements were observed in fiber morphology and the mechanical properties of the paper. The revised pulping system yielded a more homogeneous and denser pulp structure, which contributed to increased production capacity and a more sustainable manufacturing process. The results demonstrate that simultaneous improvements in both energy savings and product quality are achievable in recycled paper production.
Open Access
Hybrid soft sensor modeling for the wire section in tissue manufacturing: integrating first-principles and machine learning models

October 31, 2025

Rosario Othen, Chen Song, Jan Schlake, Christian Möbitz, Thomas Gries

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Modeling and control of industrial processes are essential for product quality, energy efficiency, and operational stability. With growing sensor availability and computational power, machine learning (ML) has emerged as a powerful tool. However, purely data-driven models often lack interpretability and robustness, especially under varying conditions. A key example is the wire section of a tissue machine, where basis weight is determined but not directly measurable in real time. To address this challenge, we propose a hybrid modeling framework that integrates a first-principles model (FPM) with a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (Conv1D) in a parallel structure. A secondary gated recurrent unit (GRU) network dynamically adjusts the weighting between the two predictions. Evaluated on seven months of industrial data, the hybrid model achieved a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.12 g/m 2 , outperforming standalone FPM (4.72 g/m 2 ) and ML (2.68 g/m 2 ) models. Designed for real-time deployment, the approach provides a scalable soft-sensor solution, enabling earlier intervention and more adaptive operation in tissue manufacturing.
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Mathematical modelling of water absorption over time for coated paperboards subjected to external pressures

October 3, 2025

Beko Mesic, Peter Rättö, Gonzalo A. Martinez Hermisilla

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The aim of this study is to develop a model for predicting the liquid absorption of coated boards subjected to external pressure. To create a simplified approach, the mathematical formulation was entirely based on existing models from the literature. The model’s predictions were then compared with practical laboratory Cobb measurements taken at various pressures on more porous and on less porous coatings. The results demonstrate that the model effectively captures the key trends in water absorption of coated boards under external pressure, aligning with findings from the laboratory study. However, due to the model’s sensitivity to system inputs, a thorough understanding of both the coating and paperboard characteristics is essential to improve prediction accuracy. Additionally, the original authors of the model (Equation (2)) suggest that the expression is best used for predicting water absorption over short periods.
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Advances in cellulose composite films for sustainable food packaging: a review

September 2, 2025

Nicky Rahmana Putra

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This review analyzes recent research trends and material innovations by examining 174 peer-reviewed articles indexed in the Scopus database using the query (TITLE-ABS-KEY(cellulose) AND composite AND paper AND food AND packaging) , limited to original research articles. The majority of publications appeared between 2018 and 2024, reflecting a sharp rise in research activity during this period. Through bibliometric mapping of co-occurrence author keywords, seven thematic clusters were identified, with dominant focuses on biodegradable composites, barrier enhancement, antimicrobial functionality, and surface engineering. Materials such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), chitosan, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were frequently incorporated to improve mechanical strength (up to 84 MPa), water vapor transmission rate (reduction by 88 %), and thermal stability (up to 380 °C). Active films incorporating antioxidants and antimicrobial agents demonstrated effective shelf-life extension for fruits and meat products by 4–10 days. Despite these advances, key challenges remain in scalability, hydrophobicity, and regulatory compliance. This review provides a consolidated understanding of the design, functionality, and future potential of cellulose-based packaging, offering strategic insights for researchers and industry toward achieving sustainable and intelligent food packaging solutions.

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Journal Impact Factor	1.2	2024, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2025)
5-year Journal Impact Factor	1.3	2024, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2025)
Journal Citation Indicator	0.38	2024, Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2025)
CiteScore	2.1	2024, Scopus (Elsevier B.V., 2025)
SCImago Journal Rank	0.293	2024, SJR (Scimago Lab, 2025; Data Source: Scopus)
Source Normalized Impact per Paper	0.565	2024, CWTS Journal Indicators (CWTS B.V., 2025; Data Source: Scopus)

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Editor-in-Chief

Gunnar Henriksson, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

Editors

Josefin Illergård, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

Editorial Board

Geoffrey Daniel, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden

Per Engstrand, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden

Merima Hasani, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden

Christer Korin, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Magnus Lestelius, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden

Tom Lindström, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

Carlos Martín Medina, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Hamar, Norway

Kristiina Oksman, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden

Monika Österberg, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland

Anna Sundberg, Åbo Akademi University, Turku/Åbo, Finland

Kristin Syverud, RISE-PFI and Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

Hans Theliander, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden

International Scientific Advisory Board

Angelés Blanco, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Emily D. Cranston, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

Patrick Gane, Aalto University (Professor emeritus), Espoo, Finland

Gil Garnier, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

Øyvind Weiby Gregersen, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

Akira Isogai, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Monika Österberg, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland

Herbert Sixta, Aalto University (Professor emeritus), Espoo, Finland

Per Stenius, Aalto University (Professor emeritus), Espoo, Finland

Hans Theliander, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Additional information

eISSN:

2000-0669

ISSN:

0283-2631

Language:

English

Publisher:

De Gruyter

Additional information

First published:

January 20, 1986

Publication Frequency:

4 issues per year

eISSN: 2000-0669

ISSN: 0283-2631

Audience(s) for this journal

Wood, biorefining, pulp and paper scientists and engineers; materials scientists; chemical and environmental engineers; chemists, physicists

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