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In the present paper we consider the first results of modelling the World Ocean biogeochemistry system within the framework of the Earth system model: a global atmosphere-ocean-ice-land-biogeochemistry model. It is based on the INMCM climate model (version INMCM39) coupled with the pelagic ecosystem model BFM. The horizontal resolution was relatively low: 2 ∘ × 2.5 ∘ for the ‘longitude’ and ‘latitude’ in transformed coordinates with the North Pole moved to land, 33 non-equidistant σ -horizons, 1 hour time step. We have taken into account 54 main rivers worldwide with run–off supplied by the atmosphere submodel. The setup includes nine plankton groups, 60 tracers in total. Some components sink with variable speed. We discuss challenges of coupling the BFM with the σ -coordinate ocean model. The presented results prove that the model output is realistic in comparison with the observed data, the numerical efficiency is high enough, and the coupled model may serve as a basis for further simulations of the long-term climate change.

SLAV–INMIO–CICE is the coupled atmosphere–ocean–ice model developed at Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics (INM) Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS and Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia (HMCR). The model components are coupled using the new version of the own developed Compact Modeling Framework (CMF). This paper presents design of the coupled model and some computational aspects related to the model components coupling. Preliminary evaluation of the coupled model climate and performance are also given.

The structure of main modes of the decadal and multidecadal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is analyzed for the climate models INM-CM5 (INM RAS), CCSM4 (NCAR), MPI-LR and MPI-MR (MPI). It is shown that oscillations with characteristic periods of 25–35 and 50–70 years are recognized in the models, and the corresponding spatial structures are variations of the intensity and position of the AMOC. Relations connecting changes of thermohaline circulation with external impacts on the system are constructed for the above models. The analysis of stability of calculations relative to the length of data series used for calculations is performed. The optimal impacts leading to the greatest response of the AMOC and influence functions causing its response along the leading modes of low-frequency variability are constructed. The optimal impacts have the form of density anomalies localized in the North Atlantic, and the structures of the corresponding responses are dominated by leading low-frequency modes of variability. The structure of optimal impacts varies greatly from model to model.

The paper presents a new INM RAS atmospheric general circulation model, which includes troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and the lower thermosphere, as well as the lower ionospheric regions (INMAIM). Based on the atmospheric part of the INM climatic model INMCM, a new general circulation model was created by adding the middle atmosphere and lower ionosphere description up to 130 km altitudes. A new computational unit for radiative processes calculation was developed for this purpose. For the lower ionosphere a separate plasma chemistry local model was created. The identification of the INMAIM model climate in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere was carried out based on climatological observations. It was shown that model reproduces the general climatic characteristics considerably well.

Using the data of pre-industrial experiment with the INM-CM5 climate model for the period of 1200 years, we study the mechanism of natural oscillations of Arctic climate with the period of about 60 years. It is shown that for a quarter of the period prior to the Arctic warming there is a flow of Atlantic water into the Arctic ocean (AO) being more intense than usual, the salinity and density are less than usual near the coast and shelf border. As the result of advection of Atlantic water after Arctic warming, the water near the coast and shelf border becomes more salty and heavy, which leads to a weakening of the flow of Atlantic water and the change of oscillation phase. The conclusions are confirmed by calculations of the generation of anomalies of temperature, salinity, and velocity of currents by different terms, as well as estimation of the contribution of various components to the change of oscillation phase.

We consider simulation of the present day climate with the use of the climate model INM-CM48 in comparison with the result of the previous model INMCM4.0 which used different parameterizations of many physical processes and also in comparison with the model INM-CM5 which uses the same parameterizations, but with better spatial resolution. It is shown that the model INM-CM48 reproduces the modern climate better than the model INMCM4.0 in most indicators.