Band 53, Heft 1

The paper presents an overview of graphene electronic structure in light of a general concept of emergent phenomena that result from the quantum phase transition caused by continuous symmetry breaking. In the current case, the spin symmetry breaking is provided by a drastic enhancement of pz odd electron correlation when the shortest distance between them, defined by C=C bond length, exceeds critical value Rcri. The UHF formalism clearly evidences the broken symmetry occurrence and perfectly suits to self-consistent description of the issue. Empirically supported and convincingly certified, the UHF emergents, such as (i) open-shell character of electron spinorbitals; (ii) spin polarization of electron spectrum; (iii) spin contamination; (iv) depriving the spin multiplicity of electronic states; (v) local spin pool at zero total spin density, and so forth greatly extend the view on ground states of graphene and other sp2 nanocarbons and not only give a clear vision of spin peculiarities of graphene chemistry but predicatively point to the occurrence of emergents related to graphene physics, such as ferromagnetism, superconductivity and topological nontriviality. The paper presents numerous experimental evidences supporting a deep interrelationship between emergent chemistry and emergent physics of graphene.

Collagen, a biopolymer finds its application in the preparation of pharmaceutical products that are used in wound management, ophthalmic, orthopaedic and oral surgeries. This wide applicability is due its special properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, easy availability and high versatility. Collagen is isolated from various sources such as bovine skin, fish skin, chicken skin, skin waste of marine organisms, solid wastes of leather industry, short tendons of slaughtered cattle and bone. The isolated collagen from biological wastes is found to be cost effective due to the adaptation of simple methods for its isolation when compared with other commercially available biological macromolecules. The functional groups such as amino and carboxylic acid present in collagen helps in its modification that suits for various end uses which include wound healing, ophthalmic defects, drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. These beneficial properties impart uniqueness to collagen molecule among the available bio molecules.

Surface texturing in materials is one of the current process that satisfying the industrial needs and providing ample support to the production managers in machining. During machining for producing various products the major task is the reduction of materials waste, assessment of tool wear and its happening. Tool wear affects the production cost severely also incurring the material waste. One of the effective methods to reduce this problem and improving the tool life considerably is the surface texturing process. This can be carried out in work piece material neither the tool also. Surface texturing done on the surface of the tool or the work piece material to give aesthetic look alsomainly enhances the performance in various aspects.Many industrialists and researchers carried out the surface texturing process for various machining applications such as lathe, milling with various surface texturing techniques. This article present a detail review about the need for surface texturing in materials , its importance and its role in tool life enhancement had been discussed and reported.

PSi structures have unique physical and optical properties, which are being exploited for a numerous biomedical applications including biosensing, bioimaging, tissue engineering, and drug delivery. Different PSi optical structures can be fabricated to improve the sensitivity of the optical measurements. A very high surface area per volume of PSi can be used for the higher loading of target analytes in a small sensor area, which helps in increasing sensitivity and allows the miniaturization of biosensor. The specificity of PSi biosensor to the target analyte can be inferred by immobilizing the corresponding bioreceptor such as DNA, enzyme, or antibody via different conjugation chemistries. Finally, PSi is biocompatible material that offers additional advantage in comparison to other sensing platforms for in vivo implantable biosensing applications. This paper reviews fabrication, surface modification, biofunctionalization, and optical biosensing applications of PSi structures with special emphasis on in vivo and PSi photonic particles biosensing.

Recent findings have suggested that iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have some exceptional chemical characteristics which make them useful in both experimental physiology and cell biology research. These nanoparticles might be applied as drug delivery systems for anti-cancer and other medications. Also, IONPs might be a valuable part of many novel bioassays in various fundamental medical fields. In recent years, several studies have indicated that IONPs may have certain cytotoxic and genotoxic potential in living systems. During in vitro conditions, IONPs might induce generation of reactive oxygen species and cause oxidative stress in some cell populations. The toxicity of IONPs is not yet fully understood, and additional research is needed to confirm if IONPs have detrimental effects on human health. This short article focuses on the recent developments and trends in the fields of nanomedicine and nanobiology regarding iron oxide nanomaterials and their application in fundamental medical disciplines such as experimental physiology. We discuss our previously published works on structural effects of IONPs and other metallic nanoparticles on cell nucleus in in vitro conditions. We also describe our recent findings regarding the impact of IONPs on certain biophysical properties of subcellular components.

This review encompasses properties and applications of polycrystalline or amorphous, Transparent Conducting Oxides (TCO) semiconductors. Coexistence of electrical conductivity and optical transparency in TCO depends on the nature, number and atomic arrangements of metal cations in oxides, on the resident morphology and presence of intrinsic or introduced defects. Therefore, TCO semiconductors that are impurity-doped as well as the ternary compounds and multi-component oxides consisting of combinations are discussed. Expanding use of TCO is endangered by scarcity, cost of In, fragility of glass, limited transparency to visible light, instability above >200 °C, non-flexible for application of flexible solar cell; thus driving search for alternatives such as graphene or CNT, that are more stable under acidic, alkaline, oxidizing, reducing and elevated temperature. There are reasons to conclude that there is need to develop large area deposition techniques to produce TCO films with high deposition rate. TCOs are mostly n-type semiconductors, but p-type are also being researched

This paper reviews the synthesis methods of nano titania particles and their utilization in various applications with concise discussion on the related health concerns. Owing to the efficient photocatalytic properties of nano titania particles along with high stability, super hydrophilicity and low cost, these particles are perfect candidate for the production for coatings on the surfaces of construction materials i.e. tiles, facades, wall etc. The nano titania coatings are capable of decomposing dust, dirt and organic pollutants in the presence of sunlight. These decomposed products may then easily be washed away by rinsing thus providing easy cleaning and keeps the buildings in younger or fresh look for decades.

In last few decades the demand of lipase has been dramatically increase due to its useful use in numbers of biochemical industries. Varieties of natural and synthetic carriers and methodologies have been used to improve lipase activities by the process of immobilization in order to enhance its activities in term of its resistance to high temperature, pH and to increase its reusibity and storage capacity. Due to the expensive nature the recycling of the lipase has been the target of the researchers to decrease its cost in the industrial process. Magnetic iron oxide organic/inorganic hybrid nanoparticles as a support have been mostly used in the lipase immobilization due its large surface area, less toxicity, bio compatibility, easily functionalization, separation avoiding long time consuming process like filtration and centrifuging.