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No abstract available.

Nanoparticles for biomedical applications have several advantages as multifunctional agents. Among various types of nanoparticles for biomedical applications, silica nanoparticles have characteristic positioning due to their inherent property. The recent development of silica nanoparticles is creating a new trend in nanomedicine. A novel type of silica nanoparticle, organosilica nanoparticle, is both structurally and functionally different from the common (inorgano)silica nanoparticle. The organosilica nanoparticles are inherent organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials. The interior and exterior functionalities of organosilica nanoparticles are useful for their multifunctionalization. Biomedical applications of organosilica nanoparticles are leading to a wide range of nanomedical fields such as basic biomedical investigations and clinical applications. Multifunctionalizations peculiar to organosilica nanoparticles enable the creation of novel imaging systems and therapeutic applications. In this review, I will introduce differences between (inorgano)silica nanoparticles and organosilica nanoparticles, and then focus on biomedical applications of organosilica nanoparticles toward theranostics.

The controlled release of therapeutics has been one of the major challenges for scientists and engineers during the past three decades. Coupled with excellent biocompatibility profiles, various nanomaterials have showed great promise for biomedical applications. Stimuli-responsive nanomaterials guarantee the controlled release of cargo to a given location, at a specific time, and with an accurate amount. In this review, we have combined the major stimuli that are currently used to achieve the ultimate goal of controlled and targeted release by “smart” nanomaterials. The most heavily explored strategies include (1) pH, (2) enzymes, (3) redox, (4) magnetic, and (5) light-triggered release.

This review article is dealing with heterogeneous catalysis applied to synthetic chemistry using various carbon nanotube-supported noble metals (e.g., ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold).

In the past, there have been other means for challenging a patent (or prospective patent) at the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). These included preissuance submissions of prior art and ex parte reexaminations, which continue to be available. With the enactment of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (AIA) on September 16, 2011, additional means have been provided to entities so that they now have a greater set of potential procedures to challenge and neutralize patents – procedures that are both more economical and will take less time to resolve. Under the AIA, there are two new procedures for challenging a patent after issuance, namely, post-grant review (PGR) and inter partes review (IPR). This article provides an overview of these procedures, including their advantages and disadvantages, so that nanotech-related companies can decide which strategy may best fit them for particular patent invalidity challenges.

No abstract available.