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The main goal of our study was to assess the true incidence of surgically correctable uterine abnormalities (congenital uterine anomalies, submucous leiomyoma, endometrial polyps and intrauterine synechiae) in the infertile population attending our tertiary infertility clinic. All of the infertile patients enrolled in the study were evaluated by three-dimensional ultrasound. Another objective was to assess pregnancy rates before and after operative hysteroscopy in patients affected by uterine causes of infertility. Good quality 3D images were obtained in all 3850 infertile patients, and in 23.2% of them 3D US revealed surgically correctable uterine abnormalities. The incidence of uterine septum in our general infertile population was 17.9 %. Uterine septum was the most common uterine abnormality accounting for 77.1% of the intracavitary lesions. Out of 310 patients that were followed-up, 225 (72.6%) patients achieved pregnancy. The rate of term deliveries after septal incision was 57.7%, while 15.4% of patients had preterm deliveries. The rate of spontaneous abortions dropped from 41.7% before, to 11.9% after hysteroscopic resection of the septum. Three-dimensional ultrasound can be used as a screening method for detection of uterine abnormalities in patients suffering from infertility. We found significant improvement in reproductive outcome after operative hysteroscopy in secondary infertile patients with septate uterus and/or other uterine abnormalities.

Three-dimensional power Doppler sonography plays an important role in obstetrics, predominantly for assessing the relationship between fetal vascular system and surrounding organs. Presenting volume data in a standard anatomic orientation is valuable for assisting both ultra-sonographers and pregnant patients to recognize anatomy more readily. This investigation was designed as an observational cross-sectional study. A group of 25 patients in gestational age of five to eleven weeks were recruited for the study. Architecture of the embryonic vessels was depicted by 3D power flow mapping and analyzed visually. Vascular 3D measurements were done through 3D color/power histogram and expressed by Vascularization Index (VI) and Vascularization Flow Index (VFI). Volume of the embryo increased exponentially throughout the observation period. The VI and VFI showed no change despite an exponential growth of embryonic volume. The findings of our study suggest that in cases of physiologic embryonic vasculogenesis there is a homeostatic steady state between tissue demands and blood supply given through the vascular network.

Objective: This study was performed in order to compare the performance of classical two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) ultrasound, both with power Doppler technology, in the visualization of the placental vascular network during ongoing pregnancy. Methods: 15 pregnant volunteers in the third trimester of pregnancy were examined by 2D and 3D power Doppler ultrasound. The aim of the study was to follow the branching of the main stem vessel as far as possible distally in the placenta. In addition, we assessed the visualization rate of terminal parts of uteroplacental circulation, radial and spiral arteries. Results: There was no difference in the visualization of primary placental stem vessels by 2D and 3D power Doppler. However, 3D power Doppler performs better distally, with statistically significant differences at the level of secondary stem (p = 0.03), and even more prominent differences at the level of tertiary stem vessels (p = 0.0008). There was no difference in the visualization rate of radial and spiral arteries (p > 0.05). Conclusion: We found 3D superior to 2D ultrasound with power Doppler technology in the determination of the distal vascular branches of the fetal placental blood vessels.

Three-dimensional power Doppler sonography is a unique instrument that enables assessment of vascular signals within the whole investigated area. Hemodynamical changes included in the process of early placentation are one of the most exciting topics in investigation of early human development. This investigation was designed as an observational cross-sectional study. A group of 25 patients in gestational age five to eleven weeks were recruited for the study. After acquirement of the volume containing three-dimensional power Doppler data of the pregnant uterus, the signals belonging to the chorion were isolated. Vascular 3D measurements were undertaken through 3D color/power histogram and expressed by Vascularization Index (VI) and Vascularization Flow Index (VFI). Volume of the chorion increased exponentially throughout the observation period. The VI and VFI positively correlated with the crown-rump length and chorion volume, and showed gradual increment through the investigation period. This investigation produced results confirming gradual augmentation of the loci and intensity of the intervillous flow in pregnancies between five and eleven gestational weeks.

Aim: To assess the ability of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography for improvement of antenatal detection of limb deformities. Methods: 347 patients were selected from a routine outpatient clinic or sent for supervision from other units because of suspected anomalies of fetal extremities. 3D ultrasound devices used in the study were Combison 530D and Voluson 530D MT (Kretztechnik, Zipf, Austria) with a 3–5 MHz annular array transducer for three-dimensional volume scanning. Results: In 41 of 347 patients the initial diagnosis was suspected by two-dimensional sonography (gestational age 18–32 weeks). In 28 of 41 suspected cases the diagnosis of abnormalities was determined after examination by 3D sonography: 17/28 clubfoot, 3/28 hand-polydactily, 2/28 upper limb contractures, 1/28 lower limb contractures, 4/28 micromelia within the syndrome of skeletal dysplasia. In 13 of 41 suspected cases, normal anatomy was confirmed using 3D sonography. Conclusion: Three-dimensional sonography is the “method of choice” for the detection of an isolated defect of a single limb, developmental or positional deformations and minor defects of hands and feet. Surface-mode reconstruction of the complete limb and transparent-view reconstruction of the entire skeletal structure are effective technical advantages enabling a completely new visual perception of the unborn baby.

Objective: The objective of this article is to describe the use of transvaginal 3D ultrasound in prenatal neuroimaging and to investigate its clinical usefulness. Methods: Firstly, 18 fetuses with hydrocephalus, ventriculomegaly and/or space occupying lesion were examined by transvaginal 3D sonography, and fetal CNS abnormalities were evaluated. Multiplanar image analysis and volumetric assessment were performed off-line. Longitudinal volume changes of target structure were evaluated, and usefulness of transvaginal 3D ultrasound was evaluated. Secondly, in 56 normal cephalic fetuses of between 18 and 32 weeks, 3D Doppler volume acquisition and reconstruction of the intracranial vascular structure were performed. Results: Longitudinal changing appearance in the same cutting section of the enlarged ventricle or cystic lesion could be demonstrated in all cases and volumetric assessment was also successful in all cases. Longitudinal objective data were useful in the brain assessment, consultation and counselling. 3D Doppler acquisition time was 5.6–26 seconds and symmetrical 3D-reconstruction was successful in 51.8 %. Conclusion: Transvaginal 3D imaging technology provides us with not only comprehensive intracranial images in exactly the right sections, but also with objective volume data. Prenatal information with objective data analyses is useful in consultation for both specialists and parents, and leads to proper management of CNS diseases.

Introduction: The key benefit of 4D ultrasound lies in providing real-time 3D images of embryonic or fetal movements, previously limited by technological advancement. Aim: To classify types of first trimester embryonic and fetal movements in normal pregnancies as seen by 4D sonography. Results: Three types of movements can be visualized in the first trimester: gross body between seven and eight weeks, limb movements after ten weeks and complex limb movements after 11 weeks of gestation. Discussion: An alteration from the given pattern of motoric development should be considered as an indication for further investigation. Conclusion: 4D ultrasound enables visualization of more details of the dynamics of small anatomical structures. Therefore, body and limb movements can be visualized a week earlier than with 2D.

Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound plays an important role in obstetrics, predominantly for assessing fetal anatomy. Presenting volume data in a standard anatomic orientation valuably assists both ultrasonographers and pregnant patients to recognize the anatomy more readily. Three-dimensional ultrasound is advantageous in studying normal embryonic and/or fetal development, as well as providing information for families at risk for specific congenital anomalies by confirming normality. This method offers advantages in assessing the embryo in the first trimester due to its ability to obtain multiplanar images through endovaginal volume acquisition. Rotation allows the systematic review of anatomic structures and early detection of fetal anomalies. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging in vivo compliments pathologic and histologic evaluation of the developing embryo, giving rise to a new term: 3D sonoembryology. Rapid technological development will allow real-time 3D ultrasound to provide improved and expanded patient care on the one side, and increased knowledge of developmental anatomy on the other.

Clinical application of ultrasound began about fifty years ago. From one-dimensional A-mode, through two-dimensional real time and Doppler examinations, a new era in clinical ultrasonography then began in the late eighties. Development of computer technology enabled introduction of 3D ultrasonography into clinical practice. In obstetrics ultrasound revolutionized fetal follow-up, but it was as important for the detection of intracranial pathology during the neonatal period and Minfancy. Two-dimensional real time ultrasonography was an exciting method that changed our understanding of the prevalence and pathophysiology of brain pathology in premature and term infants. Will application of 3D ultrasonography bring any substantial improvement to neuroimaging diagnostics in the newborn period? This article attempts to find the answer to this question, despite the limitations set by the short period of application of 3D neurosonography in neonates. The advantages of 3D brain ultrasonography application in neonates are: quicker and observer independent data acquisition, the possibility of off-line data analysis, projection of 3D data on a 2D plane with volumetric, color and power Doppler studies. Unavailability of equipment is the main reason why 3D ultrasonography was performed in only half of the newborns in whom it was indicated. Cost of equipment prevents introduction of 3D as a standard diagnostic procedure in neonates, although its diagnostic value is indisputable.

During the last decade transvaginal color Doppler has played an important role in increasing understanding of early human development. Although our knowledge of early pregnancy development has recently improved, little is known about the most critical period of human development: between conception and implantation. Recent advances in 3D ultrasound have made studies of follicular development, ovulation and uterine receptivity more accurate. The same method can be used for evaluation of the Fallopian tube patency and assessment of the ovarian and uterine causes of infertility which hamper processes of early human development. Storage capacities, reconstruction of the volume images and simultaneous viewing of all three orthogonal planes are the main advantages of this method. Introducing 3D ultrasound into assessment of early pregnancy has enabled visualization and volume estimation of the gestational sac, yolk sac and embryo. Switching on power Doppler superimposed to 3D gray scale can detect early vasculogenesis within the intervillous space and embryo/fetus. Here we review the potential application of this novel technique in monitoring the morphological and functional processes from ovulation towards implantation and early pregnancy.

Arthrogryposis, is the occurrence of joint contractures of variable etiology that start prenatally. Arthrogryposis may result from neurologic deficit, neuromuscular disorders, connective tissue abnormalities, amniotic bands, or fetal crowding. Arthrogryposis may result from no apparent hereditary causes (neuropathic, for example) or may be the result of hereditary factors (myopathic form, for example). Ultrasound diagnosis depends on observation of scant or absent motion of fetal extremities. Prognosis depends on the specific etiology of the contractures.

Fetal edema was recognized in the past as a complication of alloimmune disease. More recently, fetal edema is frequently seen in conditions that cause non-immune fetal hydrops with increased soft tissue thickness. Classically there is a halo pattern around fetal head, neck, thorax, and abdomen. Fetal edema is associated with karyotype abnormalities, with multiple congenital anomalies, and with certain fetal infections like parvovirus B19 that cause severe fetal anemia. In the present case there was no evidence of infection or karyotype abnormality, but there was hypoplasia of umbilical cord vessels, pulmonary hypoplasia, and pericardial effusion. The etiology of fetal hydrops may remain unknown in up to 30% of cases.