Wind energy is obviously a sustainable energy source whereas the wind turbine converts wind energy into mechanical energy. This research mainly aims at finding out economic solutions for the wind turbine. To achieve such a target, this research was able to reduce the size of the wind turbine by dividing each blade into two parts such that one of them is the effective part, which is designed very well, and the other part will be used to trance the power, and hence, there is no wing design for this particular part. This research was able to come up with the outer, non effective part of the wind turbine as well as the effective part that will help to reduce the cost of the unit wind turbine and reduce the turbulence behind the wind turbine so that more economical power will be generated.
This paper presents a new simple and effective method to extract the loss parameters of solar panels/solar cells and accurately represent their electrical behavior. This approach allows the extraction of the parameters of the single diode model using only the information provided by the manufacturer’s data sheet. The proposed method presents a computational procedure of low complexity, which makes it possible to estimate the five parameters of any photovoltaic or generator cell. Using the complete equation of the single diode model, the number of parameters to be calculated is reduced only to two parameters by an equation exclusively connecting the series resistance and the diode current. Suitable validations on important case studies are presented, an experimental data from multi-crystalline MSX120 and thin film NA-F135 solar panels were used to test the single diode model with the extracted parameters. The experimental data are first collected at the same temperature at two different irradiance levels and at a low irradiance level at a fixed temperature for MSX120. In the second stage, variations in temperature are considered at different irradiance levels for NA-F135. The extraction results show that the I–V curves accurately fit the entire range of the experimental data. In addition, the results of the proposed procedure are compared to the most recent proposed techniques in literature. Furthermore, the results obtained are highly accurate; in particular, at maximum power point the error is always less than 0.005%, which is quite far from the authorized error of 1%.
A coupled circulation/oil spill model has been applied to the Black Sea to address the transport, fate and 3-D structure of the oil plume resulting from a representative hypothetical deepwater blowout. With climatological forcing, the hydrodynamic module based on the DieCAST ocean circulation model realistically simulates many of the dominant mesoscale features of seasonally varying large-scale circulation and mesoscale elements including the Rim Current, anticyclonic coastal eddies, headland eddy shedding and vertical stratification. The oil spill module ingests DieCAST surface currents and employs a Lagrangian tracking algorithm to predict the motion of a large number of seeded particles, the sum of which forms the rising oil plume. Basic processes affecting the transport of oil and its fate in the water column are included in the coupled model. The work focuses on an influence of coastal mesoscale eddies on transport and the fate of oil pollution in the Black Sea. One possible scenario, when the Caucasian anticyclonic eddy captures surfacing oil released by a hypothetical deepsea oil blowout east of the Crimea peninsula, is considered to understand the behavior of the oil plume and demonstrate model ability. Structures of the 3-D oil plume created by oil droplets rising from the bottom oil blowout as well as movement and fate of the oil slick are scrutinized. Effects of basin-scale and mesoscale structures combined with wind-driven currents on rising and surfacing oil droplets are studied and discussed. The likelihood of contamination of coastal areas is assessed.
Wettability alteration is one of the novel mechanisms used for increasing hydrocarbon recovery from oil and gas reservoirs. Having nanofluids in contact with surfaces or injected into porous media is one of the methods that results in wettability alteration. In this study, effect of Alumina nanofluids on the wettability alteration of a carbonate rock was experimentally studied. Alumina nanofluids with different base fluids, deionized water, ethylene glycol and ethanol, temperature, 25 and 80 °C and concentration in the range of 0.001–0.05 wt% were prepared by two-step method. Nanoparticle was characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy. Stability of nanofluids were analysed by sedimentation test and zeta-potential. Effect of nanofluids on wettability alteration were investigated by measuring contact angle of water/oil/rock and water/condensate/rock systems. Results show that contact angle changed from oil-wet and condensate-wet to strongly water-wet. Contact angle increased by increasing nanofluid concentration, increasing temperature and changing base fluid. The most efficient alumina nanofluid was obtained by dispersing 0.05 wt% nanoparticles in ethanol base fluid at 80 °C, which changes the contact angle from 57.27° to 154.07° for water/oil and 45° to 151.66° for water/condensate systems.
