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Context Colleges of osteopathic medicine (COMs) are required to provide hands-on osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) training during clerkship years, but this can be challenging given that students are in a variety of clinical sites and often train with allopathic physicians. Objective To identify student OMM practice patterns documented on required OMM practice logs detailing 10 OMM treatments each semester as part of a 3-semester third- and fourth-year clerkship curriculum and to determine whether these practice patterns varied by supervisor type (osteopathic vs allopathic) and semester. Methods The OMM practice logs from 2 class years were retrospectively reviewed for patient and supervisor characteristics and OMM treatment details. Semesters included 2 third-year semesters and an extended fourth-year semester. Results Between July 2015 and March 2018, 1018 OMM practice logs were submitted detailing 10,150 treatments involving 4655 clinical (45.9%) and 5474 volunteer (53.9%) patients. Logs contained up to 10 treatments per log; 26.0% included only clinical patients, 17.4% included only volunteer patients, and 56.6% included both. Significantly more clinical patients (1708 [36.7%]) were treated during the first semester of the third year than the other 2 semesters ( P <.001). The supervisor's credentials were identified as an osteopathic physician for 6639 treatments (65.4%) and an allopathic physician for 768 (7.6%). No difference was found in the proportion of clinical to volunteer patients supervised by osteopathic or allopathic physicians ( P =.34). Neuromusculoskeletal complaints accounted for 10,847 (90.7%) chief complaints, and nonneuromusculoskeletal complaints accounted for 1115 (9.3%). The most commonly treated body regions were the thoracic (6255 [61.4%]), cervical (4932 [48.4%]), and lumbar (4249 [41.7%]). More body regions were treated on clinical patients than on volunteer patients (mean, 2.7 vs 2.6, respectively; P =.04). Commonly used techniques were muscle energy (6570 [64.5%]); high-velocity, low-amplitude (4054 [39.8%]); soft tissue (3615 [35.5%]); balanced ligamentous tension/indirect techniques (2700 [26.5%]); and myofascial release (1944 [19.2%]). Conclusion More than 80% of students documented OMM practice on clinical patients for their required OMM practice logs. Both osteopathic and allopathic physicians provided supervision. Chief complaints and types of osteopathic manipulative treatment used were consistent with current clinical practice. Areas identified for enhanced didactic education included OMM for nonneuromusculoskeletal complaints.

Context The halo effect describes the improved surgical outcomes at trauma centers for nontrauma conditions. Objective To determine whether level 1 trauma centers have improved inpatient mortality for common but high-acuity nonsurgical diagnoses (eg, acute myocardial infarction [AMI], congestive heart failure [CHF], and pneumonia [PNA]) compared with non­–level 1 trauma centers. Methods The authors conducted a population-based, retrospective cohort study analyzing data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Database and the American Hospital Association Annual Survey Database. Patients who were admitted with AMI, CHF, and PNA between 2006-2011 in Florida and California were included. Level 1 trauma centers were matched to non–level 1 trauma centers using propensity scoring. The primary outcome was risk-adjusted inpatient mortality for each diagnosis (AMI, CHF, or PNA). Results Of the 190,474 patients who were hospitalized for AMI, CHF, or PNA, 94,037 patients (49%) underwent treatment at level 1 trauma centers. The inpatient mortality rates at level 1 trauma centers vs non–level 1 trauma centers for patients with AMI was 8.10% vs 8.40%, respectively ( P =.73); for patients with CHF, 2.26% vs 2.71% ( P =.90); and for patients with PNA, 2.30% vs 2.70% ( P =.25). Conclusion Level 1 trauma center designation was not associated with improved mortality for high-acuity, nonsurgical medical conditions in this study.

Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common hormone disorder affecting reproductive and metabolic health of reproductive-age women, was shown in a previous study from these authors to be associated with increased sympathetic tone. Increased sympathetic tone contributes to long-term health risks for cardiovascular disease and promotes PCOS pathogenesis. Objective To determine whether weekly osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) improves physiologic measures of sympathetic tone in women with PCOS. Methods In the second phase of a larger study from this author group, 25 women with PCOS, aged 22 to 43 years, living in Erie, Pennsylvania, were recruited to participate in a randomized, controlled evaluation of OMT intervention. Participants were randomly assigned to either an OMT intervention or control group. The OMT group received weekly manipulation of Chapman points and rib-raising for viscerosomatic reflexes associated with the ovaries, adrenal glands, and heart for 12 consecutive weeks. Physiologic measures of sympathetic tone were collected, along with metabolic, endocrine, and reproductive measurements, both before the 3-month intervention and within 1 week of completing the intervention. Measurements included heart rate and blood pressure at rest and after 15 minutes of aerobic exercise, heart rate recovery after exercise, resting heart rate variability, serum androgen levels, body mass index, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, and menstrual cycle length. Results Nineteen women completed the study. Comparing pre- and postintervention parameters, women with PCOS in the OMT intervention group experienced an improvement in postexercise systolic blood pressure (135.8 vs 129.1 mm Hg) and a trend toward heart rate recovery (23.2 vs 29.4 seconds). No significant improvements were found in the control group or in any other physiologic parameters measured. No significant improvements were found in the endocrine, metabolic, or reproductive parameters measured, although free testosterone was slightly lower after 3 months of weekly OMT (5.69 vs 4.64 pg/mL). Conclusion Improvements in sympathetic tone after OMT suggest that weekly manipulation of Chapman points and viscerosomatic reflexes can be a useful adjunctive therapeutic option for women with PCOS. (ClinicalTrials.gov No. NCT03383484)

Background Holistic approaches are needed to complement existing therapies for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common disorder affecting the health of reproductive-aged females. Objective To determine whether thrice-weekly mindful yoga practice improves endocrine, cardiometabolic, or psychological parameters in women with PCOS. Methods Thirty-one women with PCOS between the ages of 23 and 42 years and living in Erie County, Pennsylvania, were recruited for this randomized, controlled study arm, which was part of a larger 3-part investigation. Women were randomly assigned to either a mindful yoga intervention group or no intervention (control) group. Group classes were 1 hour, thrice weekly. Initial endocrine, cardiometabolic, and psychological measurements were compared with measurements taken after the 3-month intervention period. Measurements included free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, and anxiety and depression scores. Results Twenty-two women completed the 3-month intervention period, 13 in the mindful yoga group and 9 in the control group. Paired comparisons of pre- and postintervention parameters indicated that women who completed the mindful yoga intervention had significantly lower free testosterone levels (5.96 vs 4.24 pg/mL; P <.05) and dehydroepiandrosterone levels that trended lower. Improved testosterone may persist for several months after completion of a 3-month, thrice-weekly mindful yoga intervention. Additionally, improvements were seen in measures of anxiety and depression. Conclusion The improvements observed suggest that regular mindful yoga practice can be a useful complementary therapeutic option for women with PCOS, particularly for improving serum androgen levels, a hallmark feature of PCOS. This improvement occurred in the absence of weight loss and may persist even if there is a lapse in practice. (ClinicalTrials.gov No. NCT03383484)

Context Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease, are chronic relapsing inflammatory diseases that affect 1.5 million people in the United States. Lymphatic pump treatment (LPT) techniques were designed to enhance the movement of lymph and can be used to relieve symptoms in patients with IBD and other gastrointestinal disorders. Objective To determine whether LPT would decrease gastrointestinal inflammation and reduce disease severity in rats with acute IBD. Methods On day 0, rats were randomized into control or experimental groups. Control rats received normal drinking water for days 0 to 9. On days 0 to 9, rats in the experimental groups received drinking water containing 3.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). On day 3, experimental rats were randomized into 3 groups. On days 3 to 8, experimental rats received either (1) no treatment or anesthesia (DSS alone); (2) 4 minutes of LPT with anesthesia administration (DSS+LPT); or (3) 4 minutes of sham treatment (ie, light touch) and anesthesia (DSS+sham). On day 9, colons and gastrointestinal lymphoid tissue were collected. Colon weight, histologic changes, disease activity index (DAI) score, and the concentration of leukocytes were measured. Results At day 9, the mean (SD) DAI score in the DSS+LPT group (1.0 [0.1]) was significantly decreased ( P <.01) compared with the DAI score of DSS-alone rats (1.5 [0.1]). While the DAI in DSS+LPT rats was reduced on days 8 to 9, this difference was not statistically different ( P >.05) compared with DSS+sham (1.3 [0.1]). No significant differences were found in colon weight, histopathologic findings, or the concentration of gastrointestinal leukocytes between DSS alone, DSS+sham, or DSS+LPT ( P >.05). Conclusion While DSS+LPT reduced IBD compared with DSS+sham, the decrease was not statistically significant. Considering the growing use of adjunctive treatment for the management of IBD, it is important to identify the effect of osteopathic manipulative medicine on IBD progression.

1. What is the clinical question? What combination antithrombotic therapy is recommended for patients with atrial fibrillation with acute coronary syndrome or patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention? 2. What does the evidence say? Double therapy (DT) with clopidogrel and direct oral anticoagulants (specifically, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban) is noninferior to warfarin-based therapies for most patients. Double therapy is noninferior to triple therapy (TT) and has less bleeding complications. 3. What is the take-home message for physicians? According to the latest guidelines by the ACC, AHA, ESC, and HRS, in patients with AF undergoing PCI, DT with DOACs (specifically dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban) plus clopidogrel is acceptable. Patients undergoing PCI or with high ischemic risk may still benefit from TT for at least 1 month and up to 6 months before switching to DT. Currently, there is no specific guidance on long-term antiplatelet therapy in these patients. Duration of antiplatelet therapy, whether with DT or TT, should be based on current DAPT guidelines (depending on indication and type of intervention) and discussions with each patient's cardiologist.

Historically, osteopathic principles have focused on the appropriate drainage of cranial structures to relieve symptoms of rhinitis, which include nasal congestion, anterior/posterior rhinorrhea, sneezing, and itching. Allergic rhinitis is primarily an aberrant immunologic reaction caused by cytokines secreted from lymphocytes that traverse the lymphatic pathway throughout the body. Several studies have documented that, when manipulated, the lymphatic system enhanced the motion of these lymphocytes to important immune structures in both human and animal models. Additionally, modulation of both sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow has been found either to inhibit or enhance secretion and/or drainage of important allergic sites. Osteopathic approaches to rhinitis play an effective role in the comprehensive management of rhinitis, and techniques based on these approaches are therapeutic options for rhinitis. This article provides an up-to-date literature review about the management of rhinitis using the 5 models of osteopathic medicine: biomechanical, respiratory-circulatory, metabolic, neurologic, and behavioral.

Hypernatremia is caused by a disproportionate balance of inadequate free water relative to sodium level. Frequent causes of hypernatremia include renal or gastrointestinal fluid loss, hypothalamic injury, and endocrine abnormalities. The authors describe a rare case of hypernatremia that manifested secondary to psychogenic adipsia in a 46-year-old woman presenting with intractable vomiting. Her presenting symptoms and laboratory abnormalities resolved after treatment was initiated for major depression. This case highlights the need for a holistic approach when confronted with a case of unexplained hypernatremia.