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Context: The use of cranial osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) to alter cerebral tissue oxygen saturation could play a role in the maintenance of cerebral homeostasis. Objective: To examine the effects of cranial OMM on cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (S CT O 2 ) and cardiac autonomic function in healthy adults. Methods: Cranial OMM augmentation and suppression techniques and sham therapy were randomly applied to healthy adults. During cranial OMM and sham therapy, S CT O 2 of the prefrontal cortex was determined bilaterally by using near-infrared spectroscopy. Heart rate, blood pressure, and systemic arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO 2 ) were also measured. Power spectral analysis was applied to continuous 4-minute R-R intervals. Measurements were made during 2-minute baseline periods, during 4-minute applications of the techniques, and during 5-minute recovery periods. Results: Twenty-one adults (age range, 23-32 y) participated in the present study. Differences in mean baseline measurements for the augmentation technique, suppression technique, and sham therapy were not statistically significant for heart rate, blood pressure, SaO 2 , left S CT O 2 , or right S CT O 2 . During the suppression technique, there was a statistically significant decrease in both left (slope [standard deviation]= -0.33 [0.08] %/min, R 2 =0.85, P =.026) and right (slope [standard deviation]=-0.37 [0.06] %/min, R 2 =0.94, P =.007) S CT O 2 with increased cranial OMM time. However, neither the augmentation technique nor the sham therapy had a statistically significant effect on S CT O 2 . Decreases in normalized low-frequency power of R-R interval variability and enhancements of its high-frequency power were statistically significant ( P =.05) during cranial OMM and sham therapy, indicating a decrease in cardiac sympathetic influence and an enhanced parasympathetic modulation. Conclusion: The cranial OMM suppression technique effectively and progressively reduced S CT O 2 in both prefrontal lobes with the treatment time.

Context: Prophylactic intraoperative ureteral stent placement is performed to decrease operative ureteric injury, though few data are available on the effectiveness of this procedure, and no data are available on its cost. Objective: To analyze the cost of prophylactic intraoperative cystoscopic ureteral stents in gynecologic surgery. Methods: All cases of prophylactic ureteral stent placement performed in gynecologic surgery during a 1-year period were identified and retrospectively reviewed through the electronic medical records database of Summa Health System. Costs were obtained through the Healthcare Cost Accounting System. The principles of cost-effective analysis were used (ie, explicit and detailed descriptions of costs and cost-effectiveness statistics). Importantly, we evaluated cost and not charges or financial model estimates. In addition, we obtained the contribution margins (ie, the hospital's net profit or loss) for prophylactic ureteral stent placement. Other gynecologic procedures were also analyzed. Results: Among 792 major inpatient gynecologic procedures, 18 cases of prophylactic intraoperative ureteral stents were identified. Median costs were as follows: additional cost of prophylactic intraoperative ureteral stenting, $1580; additional cost of surgical resources, $770; cost of ureteral catheters, $427; cost of surgeons, $383. The contribution margins per case for various gynecologic surgical procedures were as follows: oophorectomy, $2804 profit; abdominal hysterectomy, $2649 profit; laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH), $1760 profit. When intraoperative ureteral stenting was added, the contribution margins changed to the following: oophorectomy, $782 profit; abdominal hysterectomy, $627 profit; LAVH, $262 loss. Overall, the contribution margin profit was decreased by about 85%, from $2400 to $380. Conclusion: Prophylactic intraoperative ureteral stenting in gynecologic surgery decreases a hospital's contribution margin. Because of the expense of this procedure, as well as scientific data suggesting a lack of effectiveness, the authors argue that prophylactic intraoperative ureteral stenting should not be used in gynecologic surgery to decrease operative ureteric injury.

Background: The Osteopathic Survey of Health Care in America (OSTEOSURV) is a decennial national telephone survey. Its goals are to monitor longitudinal trends in awareness, beliefs, utilization, and patient satisfaction relating to osteopathic physicians and to assess beliefs and attitudes regarding contemporary health care issues in the United States. The questionnaire was validated during the administrations of OSTEOSURV-I and OSTEOSURV-II in 1998 and 2000, respectively. In OSTEOSURV 2010, the contemporary health care issues of interest are patient-centered care and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. Methods: The target population was household residents of the United States aged 18 years or older. A total of 10,308 random landline telephone numbers were dialed using a computer-assisted telephone interviewing system to acquire 1000 completed interviews between July 23, 2010, and October 1, 2010. The response, cooperation, and contact rates as defined by the American Association for Public Opinion Research were comparable to those of other national telephone surveys. The survey provides an estimated margin of error no greater than 3% to 4% for both general items and for those relating to the subset of respondents claiming to be aware of osteopathic physicians. Because respondents were older and more likely to be female than referents in the general population, the observed responses will be weighted by age and sex to reflect the US Census estimates for persons aged 18 years or older in 2010. Discussion: OSTEOSURV 2010 was successfully fielded as the latest national telephone survey relevant to osteopathic medicine and contemporary US health care issues. Data analysis should yield important new findings relating to osteopathic physicians, patient-centered care, and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act that may not be readily observed through other national health care data sets. While underrepresented in this survey, which excluded cell phone–only participants, young adult respondents were reflective of their national age referents with regard to health insurance coverage and general health status. Thus, it appears likely that statistical weighting by age and sex of the OSTEOSURV 2010 data will minimize potential bias in estimates of health-related items. Rapidly evolving technology and sociocultural transitions will necessitate changes in the design of OSTEOSURV 2020.

Context: Cranial osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) involves the manipulation of the primary respiratory mechanism to improve structure and function in children and adults. Objective: To identify and critically evaluate the literature regarding the clinical efficacy of cranial OMM. Data Sources: The clinical keywords “cranial manipulation” OR “osteopathy in the cranial field” OR “cranial osteopathy” OR “craniosacral technique” were searched in the following electronic databases: EMBASE, MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), and AMED (Alternative Medicine). Searches were conducted in April 2011 with no date restriction for when the studies were completed. Study Selection: Randomized controlled trials and observational studies that measured the effectiveness of cranial OMM on humans were included in the study. Exclusion criteria included non-English language articles, studies not relevant to cranial OMM, animal studies, and studies in which there was no clear indication of the use of cranial OMM. Studies that described the use of cranial OMM with other treatment modalities and that did not perform subgroup analysis were also excluded. The present study did not have criteria regarding type of disease. Data Extraction: Outcome measures on pain, sleep, quality of life, motor function, and autonomic nervous system function were extracted. The methodological quality of the trials was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist. Data Synthesis: Of the 8 studies that met the inclusion criteria, 7 were randomized controlled trials and 1 was an observational study. A range of cranial OMM techniques used for the management of a variety of conditions were identified in the included studies. Positive clinical outcomes were reported for pain reduction, change in autonomic nervous system function, and improvement of sleeping patterns. Methodological Downs and Black quality scores ranged from 14 to 23 points out of a maximum of 27 points (overall median score, 16). Conclusion: The currently available evidence on the clinical efficacy of cranial OMM is heterogeneous and insufficient to draw definitive conclusions. Because of the moderate methodological quality of the studies and scarcity of available data, further research into this area is needed.