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Heap’s Law https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=539986 Heaps, H S 1978 Information Retrieval: Computational and Theoretical Aspects (Academic Press). states that in a large enough text corpus, the number of types as a function of tokens grows as N=KMβN = K{M^\beta } for some free parameters K,βK, \beta . Much has been written http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/15/9/093033 Font-Clos, Francesc 2013 A scaling law beyond Zipf’s law and its relation to Heaps’ law (New Journal of Physics 15 093033). , http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/11/12/123015 Bernhardsson S, da Rocha L E C and Minnhagen P 2009 The meta book and size-dependent properties of written language (New Journal of Physics 11 123015). , http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-5468/2011/07/P07013 Bernhardsson S, Ki Baek and Minnhagen 2011 A paradoxical property of the monkey book (Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, Volume 2011). , http://milicka.cz/kestazeni/type-token_relation.pdf Milička, Jiří 2009 Type-token & Hapax-token Relation: A Combinatorial Model (Glottotheory. International Journal of Theoretical Linguistics 2 (1), 99–110). , https://www.nature.com/articles/srep00943 Petersen, Alexander 2012 Languages cool as they expand: Allometric scaling and the decreasing need for new words (Scientific Reports volume 2, Article number: 943). about how this result and various generalizations can be derived from Zipf’s Law. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0052442 Zipf, George 1949 Human behavior and the principle of least effort (Reading: Addison-Wesley). Here we derive from first principles a completely novel expression of the type-token curve and prove its superior accuracy on real text. This expression naturally generalizes to equally accurate estimates for counting hapaxes and higher nn-legomena.

This research is the first attempt to investigate the problem of the influence of social factors on the process of the name giving taking into account – its motives. The authors made an attempt to divide and systematize social factors of different character, describe their influence on the name giver. From the linguistic point of view, the authors describe in detail the process of changing the onym semantic structure under the influence of social factors. At the modern stage of the anthroponymics progress, the researchers described only social factors influencing name giving, however, their systematization has not been made. For detailed studying of the subject, a complex analysis was carried out, which includes such techniques as comparison, classification and evaluation. The research is relevant in the linguistic, social, national and cognitive aspects, as it demonstrates an interaction between language and society.

As researchers from different nationalities and disciplines collaborate in research projects with joint grants, science becomes more and more global. For conducting the research, project members from several different professional and national backgrounds work together on a daily basis using English as lingua franca (ELF). This results in a very heterogenic linguistic setting, influenced by several mother tongues and languages for specific purposes (LSPs). Systematic approaches have been neglected during the last years while LSP research moved more and more towards applied approaches working on concrete case studies. The present study follows an alternative approach. Applied linguistics and further development of systematic approaches shall here be seen as a circular flow. For instance, communication optimisation during a case study benefits from system-thinking and vice versa. How could the project language of a case study be structured and which long established classifications need to be revised based on these data? Is there a need for a new understanding of applied LSP research?

The paper focuses on analysing the use of adnominals in the selected fifteen sonnet authors of the 19th- and 20th-century Czech literature. The poets have been selected so as to represent the main literary schools of the period, the main criterion of their ranking being their dates of birth. The investigation treats both general trends (changing numbers of adnominals in various eras, the measure of ornamentality in particular authors), and specific, Czech-based issues (premodification and postmodification, attributes and genitives). The goal of the paper is threefold: first, there is an endeavour to determine some principles of the development of the sonnet tradition in the Czech literature; second, some micro-analyses of the poets are provided, including contrastive views of various writing tactics employed by them; and third, one way of measuring ornamentality has been sketched, as the tool may be of help in unearthing stylistic preferences of different authors. All counts and figures are accompanied with interpretations which may be further enriched by literary scholars.