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The main purpose of this paper is to provide a framework to model a consistent product distribution from the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. We assume the products follow the Anderson–Schulz–Flory distribution and that there is no chain limitation. Deviation from the ASF distribution is taken into account. In order to implement such a model it is necessary to aggregate reactions into a finite number of reactions and to group components into lumps of components. Here, the component distribution within each lump is described by three parameters, and it is shown how these parameters are modeled. The method gives a considerable reduction of dimensionality and it is demonstrated that the component distribution within the lumps can be reconstructed with accuracy.

Ternary liquid-liquid equilibria for four systems containing ionic liquids {1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulphate ([EMIM][EtSO 4 ]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylpyridinium ethylsulphate ([EMPY][EtSO 4 ])} (1)+pyrrole/pyridine(2)+isododecane (3) have been determined at 298.15 K. The solute distribution coefficient and selectivity were calculated from experimental LLE data. All systems showed high distribution coefficient and selectivity values at the entire range of pyrrole or pyridine in feed. The consistency of experimental data was ascertained by applying the Othmer-Tobias and hand equations. Furthermore, the experimental LLE data have been compared and correlated using COSMO-RS, NRTL and UNIQUAC models. The influence of aromatic structure without inside ring of cation has a significant role on denitrification process at 298.15 K.

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) method is used for the optimization of an enzymatic hydrolysis process for the production of xylose from rice straw. The enzymatic hydrolysis process conditions such as temperature, agitation speed and concentration of enzyme were optimized by using PSO to obtain the optimum yield of xylose. Data collected from an experimental design using response surface methodology were necessitated to develop the neural network modeling. The neural network model is used as a model in objective function of PSO to predict the optimum conditions, which involved in the enzymatic hydrolysis process. The optimum value is obtained from the performance of the best particle swarm among the optimum conditions in PSO. The predicted optimum values were validated through the experiment of the enzymatic hydrolysis process. The optimum temperature, agitation speed and xylanase concentration is observed to be 50.3°C, 132 rpm and 1.6474 mg/ml, respectively. The optimal yield of xylose is predicted as 0.1845 mg/ml using PSO.

This work evaluates the ability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate the flow and predict the hydrodynamics of internal gas-lift loop reactor (IGLR)-type anaerobic digester. In addition, it also analyzes if CFD can account for the effects of operating conditions, geometry as well as scale of the reactor. For this purpose, three-dimensional two-phase CFD simulations were performed using CFX for laboratory-scale and pilot-scale IGLR. The CFD predictions were evaluated against experimental data obtained from computer automated radioactive particle tracking (CARPT). The CFD predictions provided good qualitative but only reasonable quantitative comparison. After validation of CFD model, effect of gas flow rate, draft tube diameter, sparger geometry and reactor scale on flow pattern, liquid velocity and dead volume was investigated. Higher gas flow rates did not offer any significant advantage in increasing liquid circulation in the downcomer or decreasing the dead volume. Configuration with draft tube diameter half of tank diameter, equipped with cross sparger showed comparatively better liquid circulation than other configurations. For same superficial gas velocity, increasing the scale increases the magnitude of liquid velocity but fails to match the mixing intensity observed in laboratory scale. Different interphase forces, turbulence models and closures are also evaluated to improve the predictability of CFD models.

In order to study the effect of wall structure on the pressure-driven flow with slip condition at the fluid/porous interface, three cylindrical arrangements with different internal and surface structure are built. We solve the incompressible Stokes equation in the fluid phase for the cylindrical arrangements using the finite element analysis and solver software, Comsol-Multiphysics. The most suitable interface for determining the slip coefficient is the nominal position above the top cylindrical layer with a characteristic size. Then the streamlines of the fluid flow are shown. With the increase of pressure gradient and Reynolds number, the inertial effect rises and the exchange of fluid at the interface is visible. The permeability value and its growth rate both increase with the increment of the porosity and the internal structure of the porous medium affects the permeability value in an important way. Finally, our results show that the slip coefficient depends on the permeability and the surface structure instead of the porosity.

A dynamic one-dimensional model accounting for pectin generation from protopectin in the solid matrix of mango peels and its degradation in both interstitial and extra-particle (i.e. reactor-filling) acid solution is proposed. The model assumes that pectin diffusive transport occurs in the interstitial fluid while eventual diffusive, thermal and pH influences in the solid phase were lumped into the kinetic coefficient of protopectin-pectin conversion. First-order kinetic was assumed to pectin degradation. Differential equations were numerically solved by adapting an in-house simulator of bioprocesses via the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). As part of the LBM method, particle distribution functions were assigned to the pectin concentration in interstitial and reactor-filling fluid as well as assigned to the protopectin concentration in the solid phase. Equilibrium distribution functions were adopted by considering stationary solid phase, diffusive transport in interstitial fluid, and no spatial dependence in the reactor-filling fluid. Model parameters were assessed by comparing numerically simulated extraction yield curves with existing experimental data of pectin extraction using a batch reactor under either conventional or microwave heating. While the expected behavior of extraction yield curves was fairly reproduced in LBM simulations, discrepancies with respect to the experimental data can be assigned to assumptions in this preliminary model (e.g. first-order degradation kinetic and/or lumping effects into the protopectin-to-pectin kinetic). Prospective influence of slab thickness on extraction yields was also examined in LBM simulations.