The Dream Revisited
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Edited by:
Ingrid Ellen
and Justin Steil
About this book
Author / Editor information
Ingrid Ellen is the Paulette Goddard Professor of Urban Planning and the Co-Director of the Urban Planning Program at the Wagner Graduate School of Public Service and the Co-Director of the Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy at New York University. She is the author of Sharing America’s Neighborhoods: The Prospects for Stable Racial Integration (Harvard, 2000) and co-editor of How to House the Homeless (Russell Sage Foundation Press, 2010).Steil Justin :
Justin Steil is the Spaulding Career Development Assistant Professor of Law and Urban Planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is the coeditor of Searching for the Just City: Debates in Urban Theory and Practice (Routledge, 2009).Ingrid Gould Ellen is the Paulette Goddard Professor of Urban Policy and Planning at New York University’s Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service and a Faculty Director of the NYU Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy. She is the author of Sharing America’s Neighborhoods: The Prospects for Stable Racial Integration (2000) and coeditor of How to House the Homeless (2010).
Justin Peter Steil is the Class of 1942 Assistant Professor of Law and Urban Planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is the coeditor of Searching for the Just City: Debates in Urban Theory and Practice (2009).
Reviews
Fifty-five years since Martin Luther King’s speech, racial and economic segregation persist. Why? The Dream Revisited is a compelling compilation of the most up-to-date research and policy debate on the most crucial question of our day: how to produce racial and economic equality. It is both a wonderful introduction to these intersecting fields and a great resource for scholars and students of these topics.
Matthew Desmond, author of Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City:
The deep engagement and spirited debate found in The Dream Revisited make it a must-read for political leaders, housing advocates, and researchers seeking to understand the causes and consequences of segregation in America. Segregation anchors our nation’s schools, neighborhoods, and families in inequality. Through a wide range of perspectives penned by top scholars, Ellen and Steil’s volume helps us understand not only how we are divided but how we might finally address one of America’s most vexing problems.
Xavier de Souza Briggs, Vice President, Inclusive Economies and Markets, Ford Foundation:
Likely to be the leading reference point for discussion and action for years to come, this must-read volume offers pointed debate among a who’s who of scholars and practitioners. One would need a small library to cover so much critical terrain half as well. More importantly, the dozens of diverse contributors are willing to squarely face fundamental questions about whether racial and economic integration is, in fact, worthwhile for America and, if so, how it can be achieved at a time of dramatic social and technological change.
Topics
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Frontmatter
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CONTENTS
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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INTRODUCTION
1 - PART I. THE MEANING OF SEGREGATION
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Introduction
21 - DISCUSSION 1. WHY INTEGRATION?
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The Problem of Integration
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Focus on the Costs of Segregation for All
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In Search of Integration: Beyond Black and White
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Making Our Assumptions About Integration Explicit
40 - DISCUSSION 2. COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON SEGREGATION
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Reflection on Segregation and Integration: A Swedish Perspective
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Reflections on a Comparative Perspective Within the United States
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Reflections on Race and Equity: A Structural Perspective
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Why Not Compare?
52 - DISCUSSION 3. NEIGHBORHOOD INCOME SEGREGATION
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No Neighborhood Is an Island
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Spread the Wealth, or Spread the Wealthy?
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The Durable Architecture of Segregation
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Keep Concentrated Poverty at the Forefront
63 - DISCUSSION 4. SUBURBAN POVERTY AND SEGREGATION
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Segregation, Suburbs, and the Future of Fair Housing
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The Changing Geography of Poverty Demands Changes to Safety Net Provision
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Debtors’ Prisons and Discriminatory Policing: The New Tools of Racial Segregation
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Delineating Race and Poverty
72 - DISCUSSION 5. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESIDENTIAL AND SCHOOL SEGREGATION
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Economic Segregation in Schools
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Why Economic School Segregation Matters
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Race Remains the American Dilemma
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Talking About Diversity
85 - PART II. CAUSES OF CONTEMPORARY RACIAL SEGREGATION
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Introduction
89 - DISCUSSION 6. ENDING SEGREGATION: OUR PROGRESS TODAY
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Why Haven’t We Made More Progress in Reducing Segregation?
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How Do We Reconcile Americans’ Increasing Interest in Residential Diversity with Persistent Racial Segregation?
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Economic Segregation of Schools Is Key to Discouraging Integration
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Exclusionary Zoning and Fear: A Developer’s Perspective
104 - DISCUSSION 7. THE STUBBORN PERSISTENCE OF RACIAL SEGREGATION
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Residential Mobility by Whites Maintains Segregation Despite Recent Changes
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Sticky Preferences: Racial Exclusion’s Staying Power
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Start with the Micro, Move to the Macro
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Persistent Acts of Housing Discrimination Perpetuate Segregation
114 - DISCUSSION 8. IMPLICIT BIAS AND SEGREGATION
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Implicit Bias and Segregation: Facing the Enemy
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Focus on Explicit Disparities Instead of Implicit Biases
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What Do We See When We Look in the Mirror?
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Implicit Bias, Intergroup Contact, and Debiasing: Considering Neighborhood Dynamics
128 - PART III. CONSEQUENCES OF SEGREGATION
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Introduction
133 - DISCUSSION 9. EXPLAINING FERGUSON THROUGH PLACE AND RACE
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The Ferguson Moment: Race and Place
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What Does Obama’s Election Tell Us About “The Ferguson Moment”?
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Five Concrete Steps Toward a St. Louis Comeback
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Race, Justice, and the Matters of Black Lives
149 - DISCUSSION 10. SEGREGATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT
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Policing and Segregation
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The Dynamics of Policing and Segregation by Race and Class
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The New Policing, Crime Control, and Harm Reduction
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High-Volume Stops and Violence Prevention
159 - DISCUSSION 11. SEGREGATION AND HEALTH
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Health in the Segregated City
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Segregated Health Systems
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Why Aren’t Segregation’s Effects on Health Larger?
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Residential Segregation and Health: A Hypothesis Still in Search of Convincing Evidence
171 - DISCUSSION 12. SEGREGATION AND THE FINANCIAL CRISIS
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Segregation Exacerbated the Great Recession and Hindered Our Policy Response
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The Connection Between Segregation, Predatory Lending, and Black Wealth
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The Contemporary Relevance of Decades-Old Fair Lending Laws
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Segregation May Hurt Minorities, but Its Role in the Foreclosure Crisis Is Far Less Clear
186 - DISCUSSION 13. SEGREGATION AND POLITICS
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Politics in a Racially Segregated Nation
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The Enduring Legacy of Our Separate and Unequal Geography
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Linking Multiracial Coalitions and Class-Based Appeals
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A Nation Divided Still: How a Vote for Trump Says More About the Voter Than About the Candidate Himself
196 - PART IV POLICY IMPLICATIONS
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Introduction
199 - DISCUSSION 14. THE FUTURE OF THE FAIR HOUSING ACT
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As We Celebrate Fair Housing Month, the Fair Housing Act Is at Risk
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The Unintended Consequences of Fair Housing Laws
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Let’s Stick with What Works
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An Aging Population Relies on the Fair Housing Act for Independence and Community Living
217 - DISCUSSION 15. AFFIRMATIVELY FURTHERING FAIR HOUSING
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HUD’s New AFFH Rule: The Importance of the Ground Game
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A Call to Action to Embrace and Enforce the AFFH Rule
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The Need for a Balanced Approach to Fair Housing
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The Right Target for Fair Housing Advocacy
227 - DISCUSSION 16. BALANCING INVESTMENTS IN PEOPLE AND PLACE
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Creating Opportunity for Minority and Low-Income Families
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Holistic Place-Based Investments
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A Case for Choice: Looking at Connecticut
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Prepare for Divergent Metropolitan Futures
238 - DISCUSSION 17. ADDRESSING NEIGHBORHOOD DISINVESTMENT
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Move Up or Out? Confronting Compounded Deprivation
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We Need a New National Urban Policy
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Leave No Neighborhood Behind
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Jobs: The Missing Piece
250 - DISCUSSION 18. PLACE-BASED AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
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Place Not Race: Reforming Affirmative Action to Redress Neighborhood Inequality
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Reforming Affirmative Action at Universities Misses Deeper Problem
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Keeping the American Federal State Active: The Imperative of “Race-Sensitive” Policy
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Race and Place
261 - DISCUSSION 19. SELECTING NEIGHBORHOODS FOR LOW-INCOME HOUSING TAX CREDIT DEVELOPMENTS
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Tax Credits Can and Should Build Both Homes and Opportunity
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Yes, and . . . Don’t Abandon Poor Residents of Gentrifying Neighborhoods
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Research Can and Should Play a Role in More Effective Use of LIHTC Resources
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Building More Than Housing
272 - DISCUSSION 20. PUBLIC HOUSING AND DECONCENTRATING POVERTY
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From Public Housing to Vouchers: No Easy Pathway Out of Poverty
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Housing Policy Is a Necessary but Insufficient Response to Concentrated Poverty
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Effects of Moving to Opportunity: Both Statistically and Socially Significant
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Moving (Both People and Housing) to Opportunity
282 - DISCUSSION 21. CREATING MIXED-INCOME HOUSING THROUGH INCLUSIONARY ZONING
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There Are Worse Things in Housing Policy Than Poor Doors
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Inclusionary Housing Delivers Diverse Neighborhoods and a Better New York
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Separate but Equal Redux: Resolving and Transcending the Poor-Door Conundrum
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Housing Priorities: Quality Is More Important Than the Number of Entrances
295 - DISCUSSION 22. NEIGHBORHOODS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND THE HOUSING CHOICE VOUCHER PROGRAM
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Children and Housing Vouchers
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Why Don’t More Voucher Holders Escape Poor Neighborhoods?
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Children and Housing Vouchers: A Policy Maker’s Perspective
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Children and Housing Vouchers: A Practitioner’s Perspective
308 - DISCUSSION 23. MAKING VOUCHERS MORE MOBILE
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Expanding Neighborhood Choices for Voucher Tenants Using Small Area Fair Market Rents
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Housing Choice Shouldn’t Be at the Expense of Other Low-Income Renters
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Small Area FMRs: A Jump-Start to Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing
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Supporting and Protecting Low-Income Residents Are Essential to Ensuring Successful SAFMR Implementation
319 - DISCUSSION 24. GENTRIFICATION AND THE PROMISE OF INTEGRATION
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Transforming Gentrification Into Integration
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Creating Integrated Communities Is More Than Preventing Displacement
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Choice and Gentrification
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It Will Take More Than a Voucher
330 - DISCUSSION 25. COMMUNITY PREFERENCES AND FAIR HOUSING
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An Inclusionary Tool Created by Low-Income Communities for Low-Income Communities
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Community Preferences Discriminate
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The Community-Preference Policy: An Unnecessary Barrier to Minorities’ Housing Rights
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Local Preferences Require Local Analysis
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CONCLUSION
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CONTRIBUTORS
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INDEX
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