Economic Segregation of Schools Is Key to Discouraging Integration

Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. CONTENTS v
3. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii
4. INTRODUCTION 1
5. PART I. THE MEANING OF SEGREGATION
6. Introduction 21
7. DISCUSSION 1. WHY INTEGRATION?
8. The Problem of Integration 29
9. Focus on the Costs of Segregation for All 32
10. In Search of Integration: Beyond Black and White 35
11. Making Our Assumptions About Integration Explicit 40
12. DISCUSSION 2. COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON SEGREGATION
13. Reflection on Segregation and Integration: A Swedish Perspective 44
14. Reflections on a Comparative Perspective Within the United States 47
15. Reflections on Race and Equity: A Structural Perspective 50
16. Why Not Compare? 52
17. DISCUSSION 3. NEIGHBORHOOD INCOME SEGREGATION
18. No Neighborhood Is an Island 56
19. Spread the Wealth, or Spread the Wealthy? 59
20. The Durable Architecture of Segregation 61
21. Keep Concentrated Poverty at the Forefront 63
22. DISCUSSION 4. SUBURBAN POVERTY AND SEGREGATION
23. Segregation, Suburbs, and the Future of Fair Housing 66
24. The Changing Geography of Poverty Demands Changes to Safety Net Provision 68
25. Debtors’ Prisons and Discriminatory Policing: The New Tools of Racial Segregation 70
26. Delineating Race and Poverty 72
27. DISCUSSION 5. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESIDENTIAL AND SCHOOL SEGREGATION
28. Economic Segregation in Schools 76
29. Why Economic School Segregation Matters 78
30. Race Remains the American Dilemma 80
31. Talking About Diversity 85
32. PART II. CAUSES OF CONTEMPORARY RACIAL SEGREGATION
33. Introduction 89
34. DISCUSSION 6. ENDING SEGREGATION: OUR PROGRESS TODAY
35. Why Haven’t We Made More Progress in Reducing Segregation? 97
36. How Do We Reconcile Americans’ Increasing Interest in Residential Diversity with Persistent Racial Segregation? 99
37. Economic Segregation of Schools Is Key to Discouraging Integration 102
38. Exclusionary Zoning and Fear: A Developer’s Perspective 104
39. DISCUSSION 7. THE STUBBORN PERSISTENCE OF RACIAL SEGREGATION
40. Residential Mobility by Whites Maintains Segregation Despite Recent Changes 107
41. Sticky Preferences: Racial Exclusion’s Staying Power 109
42. Start with the Micro, Move to the Macro 112
43. Persistent Acts of Housing Discrimination Perpetuate Segregation 114
44. DISCUSSION 8. IMPLICIT BIAS AND SEGREGATION
45. Implicit Bias and Segregation: Facing the Enemy 120
46. Focus on Explicit Disparities Instead of Implicit Biases 123
47. What Do We See When We Look in the Mirror? 125
48. Implicit Bias, Intergroup Contact, and Debiasing: Considering Neighborhood Dynamics 128
49. PART III. CONSEQUENCES OF SEGREGATION
50. Introduction 133
51. DISCUSSION 9. EXPLAINING FERGUSON THROUGH PLACE AND RACE
52. The Ferguson Moment: Race and Place 141
53. What Does Obama’s Election Tell Us About “The Ferguson Moment”? 143
54. Five Concrete Steps Toward a St. Louis Comeback 145
55. Race, Justice, and the Matters of Black Lives 149
56. DISCUSSION 10. SEGREGATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT
57. Policing and Segregation 153
58. The Dynamics of Policing and Segregation by Race and Class 155
59. The New Policing, Crime Control, and Harm Reduction 157
60. High-Volume Stops and Violence Prevention 159
61. DISCUSSION 11. SEGREGATION AND HEALTH
62. Health in the Segregated City 165
63. Segregated Health Systems 168
64. Why Aren’t Segregation’s Effects on Health Larger? 170
65. Residential Segregation and Health: A Hypothesis Still in Search of Convincing Evidence 171
66. DISCUSSION 12. SEGREGATION AND THE FINANCIAL CRISIS
67. Segregation Exacerbated the Great Recession and Hindered Our Policy Response 179
68. The Connection Between Segregation, Predatory Lending, and Black Wealth 181
69. The Contemporary Relevance of Decades-Old Fair Lending Laws 183
70. Segregation May Hurt Minorities, but Its Role in the Foreclosure Crisis Is Far Less Clear 186
71. DISCUSSION 13. SEGREGATION AND POLITICS
72. Politics in a Racially Segregated Nation 190
73. The Enduring Legacy of Our Separate and Unequal Geography 193
74. Linking Multiracial Coalitions and Class-Based Appeals 195
75. A Nation Divided Still: How a Vote for Trump Says More About the Voter Than About the Candidate Himself 196
76. PART IV POLICY IMPLICATIONS
77. Introduction 199
78. DISCUSSION 14. THE FUTURE OF THE FAIR HOUSING ACT
79. As We Celebrate Fair Housing Month, the Fair Housing Act Is at Risk 211
80. The Unintended Consequences of Fair Housing Laws 213
81. Let’s Stick with What Works 215
82. An Aging Population Relies on the Fair Housing Act for Independence and Community Living 217
83. DISCUSSION 15. AFFIRMATIVELY FURTHERING FAIR HOUSING
84. HUD’s New AFFH Rule: The Importance of the Ground Game 220
85. A Call to Action to Embrace and Enforce the AFFH Rule 222
86. The Need for a Balanced Approach to Fair Housing 225
87. The Right Target for Fair Housing Advocacy 227
88. DISCUSSION 16. BALANCING INVESTMENTS IN PEOPLE AND PLACE
89. Creating Opportunity for Minority and Low-Income Families 230
90. Holistic Place-Based Investments 233
91. A Case for Choice: Looking at Connecticut 235
92. Prepare for Divergent Metropolitan Futures 238
93. DISCUSSION 17. ADDRESSING NEIGHBORHOOD DISINVESTMENT
94. Move Up or Out? Confronting Compounded Deprivation 242
95. We Need a New National Urban Policy 246
96. Leave No Neighborhood Behind 248
97. Jobs: The Missing Piece 250
98. DISCUSSION 18. PLACE-BASED AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
99. Place Not Race: Reforming Affirmative Action to Redress Neighborhood Inequality 255
100. Reforming Affirmative Action at Universities Misses Deeper Problem 257
101. Keeping the American Federal State Active: The Imperative of “Race-Sensitive” Policy 259
102. Race and Place 261
103. DISCUSSION 19. SELECTING NEIGHBORHOODS FOR LOW-INCOME HOUSING TAX CREDIT DEVELOPMENTS
104. Tax Credits Can and Should Build Both Homes and Opportunity 264
105. Yes, and . . . Don’t Abandon Poor Residents of Gentrifying Neighborhoods 267
106. Research Can and Should Play a Role in More Effective Use of LIHTC Resources 269
107. Building More Than Housing 272
108. DISCUSSION 20. PUBLIC HOUSING AND DECONCENTRATING POVERTY
109. From Public Housing to Vouchers: No Easy Pathway Out of Poverty 275
110. Housing Policy Is a Necessary but Insufficient Response to Concentrated Poverty 278
111. Effects of Moving to Opportunity: Both Statistically and Socially Significant 280
112. Moving (Both People and Housing) to Opportunity 282
113. DISCUSSION 21. CREATING MIXED-INCOME HOUSING THROUGH INCLUSIONARY ZONING
114. There Are Worse Things in Housing Policy Than Poor Doors 287
115. Inclusionary Housing Delivers Diverse Neighborhoods and a Better New York 290
116. Separate but Equal Redux: Resolving and Transcending the Poor-Door Conundrum 292
117. Housing Priorities: Quality Is More Important Than the Number of Entrances 295
118. DISCUSSION 22. NEIGHBORHOODS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND THE HOUSING CHOICE VOUCHER PROGRAM
119. Children and Housing Vouchers 298
120. Why Don’t More Voucher Holders Escape Poor Neighborhoods? 303
121. Children and Housing Vouchers: A Policy Maker’s Perspective 306
122. Children and Housing Vouchers: A Practitioner’s Perspective 308
123. DISCUSSION 23. MAKING VOUCHERS MORE MOBILE
124. Expanding Neighborhood Choices for Voucher Tenants Using Small Area Fair Market Rents 314
125. Housing Choice Shouldn’t Be at the Expense of Other Low-Income Renters 316
126. Small Area FMRs: A Jump-Start to Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing 317
127. Supporting and Protecting Low-Income Residents Are Essential to Ensuring Successful SAFMR Implementation 319
128. DISCUSSION 24. GENTRIFICATION AND THE PROMISE OF INTEGRATION
129. Transforming Gentrification Into Integration 322
130. Creating Integrated Communities Is More Than Preventing Displacement 327
131. Choice and Gentrification 329
132. It Will Take More Than a Voucher 330
133. DISCUSSION 25. COMMUNITY PREFERENCES AND FAIR HOUSING
134. An Inclusionary Tool Created by Low-Income Communities for Low-Income Communities 335
135. Community Preferences Discriminate 337
136. The Community-Preference Policy: An Unnecessary Barrier to Minorities’ Housing Rights 338
137. Local Preferences Require Local Analysis 341
138. CONCLUSION 345
139. CONTRIBUTORS 349
140. INDEX 357