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74. Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source

  • Antony Hewish , S. Joceyln Bell , John D. H. Pilkington , Paul Frederick Scott and Robin Ashley Collins
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A Source Book in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1900–1975
This chapter is in the book A Source Book in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1900–1975

Chapters in this book

  1. Frontmatter i
  2. General Editor's Preface v
  3. Preface vii
  4. Contents xi
  5. CHAPTER I. New Windows on the Universe
  6. On the Application of Interference Methods to Astronomical Measurements 2
  7. 2. A Test of a New Type of Stellar Interferometer on Sirius 8
  8. 3. Concerning Observations of Penetrating Radiation on Seven Free Balloon Flights 13
  9. 4. The Possibilities of Large Telescopes 21
  10. 5. A Rapid Coma-Free Mirror System 27
  11. 6. On the Discovery of Extraterrestrial Radio Waves 30
  12. 7. Searching for Interstellar Communications 36
  13. 8. The Photoelectric Photometry of the Stars 39
  14. 9. The First Results Obtained from Photographs of the Invisible Side of the Moon 53
  15. 10. X-Ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Observations of the Sun 56
  16. 11. Evidence for X-Rays from Sources outside the Solar System 62
  17. 12. Infrared Observations of the Galactic Center 67
  18. 13. Interstellar Deuterium Abundance in the Direction of Beta Centauri 75
  19. CHAPTER II. The Solar System
  20. 14. The Moon's Face: A Study of the Origin of Its Features 80
  21. 15. Of Atmospheres upon Planets and Satellites 88
  22. 16. On the Probable Existence of a Magnetic Field in Sun-Spots 96
  23. 17. How Could a Rotating Body such as the Sun Become a Magnet? 106
  24. 18. Polarization of the Moon and of the Planets Mars and Mercury 108
  25. 19. The Theory of Continental Drift 111
  26. 20. The Spectra of Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn under High Dispersion 117
  27. 21. The Mystery of Coronium and the Million-Degree Solar Corona 120
  28. 22. Corpuscular Influences upon the Upper Atmosphere 125
  29. 23. The Origin and Nature of Comets 132
  30. 24. Observations of a Variable Radio Source Associated with the Planet Jupiter 143
  31. 25. Solar Corpuscular Radiation and the Interplanetary Gas 147
  32. 26. Radiation Observations with Satellite 1958ε 149
  33. 27. The Hot Surface Temperature of Venus 152
  34. 28. Radar Determinations of the Rotations of Venus and Mercury 160
  35. 29. Mars as Viewed from Mariner 9 167
  36. 30. The Moon after Apollo 177
  37. 31. The Encounter Theories of the Origin of the Solar System 182
  38. 32. The Nebular Theory of the Origin of the Solar System 192
  39. 33. A Production of Amino Acids under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions 203
  40. CHAPTER III. Stellar Atmospheres and Stellar Spectra
  41. 34. On the Radiation of Stars 208
  42. 35. Relations between the Spectra and Other Characteristics of Stars 212
  43. 36. Some Spectral Criteria for the Determination of Absolute Stellar Magnitudes 221
  44. 37. On the Radiative Equilibrium of Stars 225
  45. 38. Ionization in the Solar Chromosphere 236
  46. 39. The Abundances of the Chemical Elements in Stellar Atmospheres 243
  47. 40. On the Rotation of Stars 254
  48. 41. Intensity Measurement of the Fraunhofer Lines in the Wavelength Region 5,150 to 5,270 Å 259
  49. 42. Electron Affinity in Astrophysics 264
  50. 43. The Quantitative Analysis of the BO-Star τ Scorpii, Part II 268
  51. CHAPTER IV Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis
  52. 44. The Equivalence of Mass and Energy 276
  53. 45. The Internal Constitution of the Stars 281
  54. 46. The Mass-Luminosity Relation for Stars 291
  55. 47. Atomic Synthesis and Stellar Energy I, II 303
  56. 48. Element Transformation inside Stars. II 309
  57. 49. Energy Production in Stars 320
  58. 50. Nuclear Reactions in Stellar Evolution 339
  59. 51. Stellar Structure, Source of Energy, and Evolution 342
  60. 52. Nuclear Reactions in Stars without Hydrogen 349
  61. 53. Inhomogeneous Stellar Models II: Models with Exhausted Cores in Gravitational Contraction 353
  62. 54. Studies of Young Clusters and Stellar Evolution in the Early Phases of Gravitational Contraction 364
  63. 55. Synthesis of the Elements in Stars 374
  64. 56. Neutrinos from the Sun 389
  65. CHAPTER V. Variable Stars and Dying Stars
  66. 57. Periods of Twenty-five Variable Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud 398
  67. 58. On the Pulsations of a Gaseous Star and the Problem of the Cepheid Variables 401
  68. 59. Τ Tauri Variable Stars 410
  69. 60. Binary Stars among Cataclysmic Variables III : Ten Old Novae 421
  70. 61. The Discovery of White Dwarf Stars 430
  71. 62. On Dense Stars 433
  72. 63. Neutrino Theory of Stellar Collapse 440
  73. 64. Discovery of Circularly Polarized Light from a White Dwarf Star 447
  74. 65. On the Gravitational Field of a Point Mass according to the Einsteinian Theory 451
  75. 66. On the Theory of Stars 456
  76. 67. The Discovery of a Candidate Black Hole 460
  77. 68. Novae or Temporary Stars 466
  78. 69. On the Possible Existence of Neutron Stars 469
  79. 70. Spectra of Supernovae 478
  80. 71. The Crab Nebula 481
  81. 72. On the Nature of the Luminescence of the Crab Nebula 488
  82. 73. Energy Emission from a Neutron Star 494
  83. 74. Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source 498
  84. 75. Rotating Neutron Stars as the Origin of the Pulsating Radio Sources 505
  85. CHAPTER VI. The Distribution of Stars and the Space between Them
  86. 76. Investigations of the Spectrum and Orbit of Delta Orionis 510
  87. 77. Star Streaming 514
  88. 78. The Kinetic Energy of a Star Cluster 520
  89. 79. The Scale of the Universe 523
  90. 80. First Attempt at a Theory of the Arrangement and Motion of the Sidereal System 542
  91. 81. Star-Streaming and the Structure of the Stellar System 550
  92. 82. Observational Evidence for the Rotation of Our Galaxy 554
  93. 83. On the Dark Nebula NGC 6960 566
  94. 84. The Source of Luminosity of Gaseous Nebulae 572
  95. 85. The Origin of the Nebular Lines and the Structure of the Planetary Nebulae 581
  96. 86. The Physical State of Interstellar Hydrogen 588
  97. 87. Preliminary Results on the Distances, Dimensions, and Space Distribution of Open Star Clusters 593
  98. 88. The Solid Particles of Interstellar Space 605
  99. 89. The Polarization of Starlight 613
  100. 90. The Temperature of Interstellar Matter 617
  101. 91. Radio Waves from Space : Origin of Radiowaves 627
  102. 92. The Radio Frequency Detection of Interstellar Hydrogen 633
  103. 93. Some Features of Galactic Structure in the Neighborhood of the Sun 638
  104. 94. The Galactic System as a Spiral Nebula 643
  105. 95. Density Waves in Disk Galaxies 652
  106. 96. The Discovery of Protostars (?) 656
  107. 97. Radio Observations of OH in the Interstellar Medium 666
  108. 98. Galactic Magnetic Fields and the Origin of Cosmic Radiation 671
  109. 99. Cosmic Rays and Radio Emission from Our Galaxy 677
  110. 100. Expanding Stellar Associations and the Origin of the Runaway O and Β Stars 685
  111. CHAPTER VII. Normal Galaxies, Radio Galaxies, and Quasars
  112. 101. Novae in Spiral Nebulae 698
  113. 102. A Spectrographic Investigation of Spiral Nebulae 704
  114. 103. Modern Theories of the Spiral Nebulae 708
  115. 104. Cepheids in Spiral Nebulae 713
  116. 105. Extra-Galactic Nebulae 716
  117. 106. A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae 725
  118. 107. On the Masses of Nebulae and of Clusters of Nebulae 729
  119. 108. Nuclear Emission in Spiral Nebulae 738
  120. 109. The Resolution of Messier 32, NGC 205, and the Central Region of the Andromeda Nebula 744
  121. 110. A Revision of the Extra-Galactic Distance Scale 750
  122. 111. Redshifts and Magnitudes of Extra-Galactic Nebulae 753
  123. 112. On the Evolution of Galaxies 763
  124. 113. Fluctuations in Cosmic Radiation at Radio Frequencies 774
  125. 114. Positions of Three Discrete Sources of Galactic Radio-Frequency Radiation 777
  126. 115. Cosmic Radiation and Radio Stars 779
  127. 116. The Origin of Cosmic Radio Noise 782
  128. 117. Identification of the Radio Sources in Cassiopeia, Cygnus A, and Puppis A 786
  129. 118. The Nature of Cosmic Radio Sources 792
  130. 119. First True Radio Star? 801
  131. 120. The Discovery of Quasars 803
  132. 121. The Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources 3C 48 and 3C 273 811
  133. CHAPTER VIII. Relativity and Cosmology
  134. 122. Explanation of the Perihelion Motion of Mercury by Means of the General Theory of Relativity 820
  135. 123. A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun's Gravitational Field, from Observations Made at the Total Eclipse of May 29, 1919 826
  136. 124. Fourth Test of General Relativity: New Radar Result 833
  137. 125. On the Curvature of Space 838
  138. 126. A Homogeneous Universe of Constant Mass and Increasing Radius accounting for the Radial Velocity of Extra-Galactic Nebulae 844
  139. 127. On the Relation between the Expansion and the Mean Density of the Universe 849
  140. 128. The Cosmical Constants 851
  141. 129. The Steady-State Theory of the Expanding Universe 853
  142. 130. The Origin of Chemical Elements 864
  143. 131. The Evolution and Physics of the Expanding Universe 866
  144. 132. A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 MHz 873
  145. Indexes
  146. Author Index 879
  147. Subject Index 889
https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674366688.c80

Chapters in this book

  1. Frontmatter i
  2. General Editor's Preface v
  3. Preface vii
  4. Contents xi
  5. CHAPTER I. New Windows on the Universe
  6. On the Application of Interference Methods to Astronomical Measurements 2
  7. 2. A Test of a New Type of Stellar Interferometer on Sirius 8
  8. 3. Concerning Observations of Penetrating Radiation on Seven Free Balloon Flights 13
  9. 4. The Possibilities of Large Telescopes 21
  10. 5. A Rapid Coma-Free Mirror System 27
  11. 6. On the Discovery of Extraterrestrial Radio Waves 30
  12. 7. Searching for Interstellar Communications 36
  13. 8. The Photoelectric Photometry of the Stars 39
  14. 9. The First Results Obtained from Photographs of the Invisible Side of the Moon 53
  15. 10. X-Ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Observations of the Sun 56
  16. 11. Evidence for X-Rays from Sources outside the Solar System 62
  17. 12. Infrared Observations of the Galactic Center 67
  18. 13. Interstellar Deuterium Abundance in the Direction of Beta Centauri 75
  19. CHAPTER II. The Solar System
  20. 14. The Moon's Face: A Study of the Origin of Its Features 80
  21. 15. Of Atmospheres upon Planets and Satellites 88
  22. 16. On the Probable Existence of a Magnetic Field in Sun-Spots 96
  23. 17. How Could a Rotating Body such as the Sun Become a Magnet? 106
  24. 18. Polarization of the Moon and of the Planets Mars and Mercury 108
  25. 19. The Theory of Continental Drift 111
  26. 20. The Spectra of Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn under High Dispersion 117
  27. 21. The Mystery of Coronium and the Million-Degree Solar Corona 120
  28. 22. Corpuscular Influences upon the Upper Atmosphere 125
  29. 23. The Origin and Nature of Comets 132
  30. 24. Observations of a Variable Radio Source Associated with the Planet Jupiter 143
  31. 25. Solar Corpuscular Radiation and the Interplanetary Gas 147
  32. 26. Radiation Observations with Satellite 1958ε 149
  33. 27. The Hot Surface Temperature of Venus 152
  34. 28. Radar Determinations of the Rotations of Venus and Mercury 160
  35. 29. Mars as Viewed from Mariner 9 167
  36. 30. The Moon after Apollo 177
  37. 31. The Encounter Theories of the Origin of the Solar System 182
  38. 32. The Nebular Theory of the Origin of the Solar System 192
  39. 33. A Production of Amino Acids under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions 203
  40. CHAPTER III. Stellar Atmospheres and Stellar Spectra
  41. 34. On the Radiation of Stars 208
  42. 35. Relations between the Spectra and Other Characteristics of Stars 212
  43. 36. Some Spectral Criteria for the Determination of Absolute Stellar Magnitudes 221
  44. 37. On the Radiative Equilibrium of Stars 225
  45. 38. Ionization in the Solar Chromosphere 236
  46. 39. The Abundances of the Chemical Elements in Stellar Atmospheres 243
  47. 40. On the Rotation of Stars 254
  48. 41. Intensity Measurement of the Fraunhofer Lines in the Wavelength Region 5,150 to 5,270 Å 259
  49. 42. Electron Affinity in Astrophysics 264
  50. 43. The Quantitative Analysis of the BO-Star τ Scorpii, Part II 268
  51. CHAPTER IV Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis
  52. 44. The Equivalence of Mass and Energy 276
  53. 45. The Internal Constitution of the Stars 281
  54. 46. The Mass-Luminosity Relation for Stars 291
  55. 47. Atomic Synthesis and Stellar Energy I, II 303
  56. 48. Element Transformation inside Stars. II 309
  57. 49. Energy Production in Stars 320
  58. 50. Nuclear Reactions in Stellar Evolution 339
  59. 51. Stellar Structure, Source of Energy, and Evolution 342
  60. 52. Nuclear Reactions in Stars without Hydrogen 349
  61. 53. Inhomogeneous Stellar Models II: Models with Exhausted Cores in Gravitational Contraction 353
  62. 54. Studies of Young Clusters and Stellar Evolution in the Early Phases of Gravitational Contraction 364
  63. 55. Synthesis of the Elements in Stars 374
  64. 56. Neutrinos from the Sun 389
  65. CHAPTER V. Variable Stars and Dying Stars
  66. 57. Periods of Twenty-five Variable Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud 398
  67. 58. On the Pulsations of a Gaseous Star and the Problem of the Cepheid Variables 401
  68. 59. Τ Tauri Variable Stars 410
  69. 60. Binary Stars among Cataclysmic Variables III : Ten Old Novae 421
  70. 61. The Discovery of White Dwarf Stars 430
  71. 62. On Dense Stars 433
  72. 63. Neutrino Theory of Stellar Collapse 440
  73. 64. Discovery of Circularly Polarized Light from a White Dwarf Star 447
  74. 65. On the Gravitational Field of a Point Mass according to the Einsteinian Theory 451
  75. 66. On the Theory of Stars 456
  76. 67. The Discovery of a Candidate Black Hole 460
  77. 68. Novae or Temporary Stars 466
  78. 69. On the Possible Existence of Neutron Stars 469
  79. 70. Spectra of Supernovae 478
  80. 71. The Crab Nebula 481
  81. 72. On the Nature of the Luminescence of the Crab Nebula 488
  82. 73. Energy Emission from a Neutron Star 494
  83. 74. Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source 498
  84. 75. Rotating Neutron Stars as the Origin of the Pulsating Radio Sources 505
  85. CHAPTER VI. The Distribution of Stars and the Space between Them
  86. 76. Investigations of the Spectrum and Orbit of Delta Orionis 510
  87. 77. Star Streaming 514
  88. 78. The Kinetic Energy of a Star Cluster 520
  89. 79. The Scale of the Universe 523
  90. 80. First Attempt at a Theory of the Arrangement and Motion of the Sidereal System 542
  91. 81. Star-Streaming and the Structure of the Stellar System 550
  92. 82. Observational Evidence for the Rotation of Our Galaxy 554
  93. 83. On the Dark Nebula NGC 6960 566
  94. 84. The Source of Luminosity of Gaseous Nebulae 572
  95. 85. The Origin of the Nebular Lines and the Structure of the Planetary Nebulae 581
  96. 86. The Physical State of Interstellar Hydrogen 588
  97. 87. Preliminary Results on the Distances, Dimensions, and Space Distribution of Open Star Clusters 593
  98. 88. The Solid Particles of Interstellar Space 605
  99. 89. The Polarization of Starlight 613
  100. 90. The Temperature of Interstellar Matter 617
  101. 91. Radio Waves from Space : Origin of Radiowaves 627
  102. 92. The Radio Frequency Detection of Interstellar Hydrogen 633
  103. 93. Some Features of Galactic Structure in the Neighborhood of the Sun 638
  104. 94. The Galactic System as a Spiral Nebula 643
  105. 95. Density Waves in Disk Galaxies 652
  106. 96. The Discovery of Protostars (?) 656
  107. 97. Radio Observations of OH in the Interstellar Medium 666
  108. 98. Galactic Magnetic Fields and the Origin of Cosmic Radiation 671
  109. 99. Cosmic Rays and Radio Emission from Our Galaxy 677
  110. 100. Expanding Stellar Associations and the Origin of the Runaway O and Β Stars 685
  111. CHAPTER VII. Normal Galaxies, Radio Galaxies, and Quasars
  112. 101. Novae in Spiral Nebulae 698
  113. 102. A Spectrographic Investigation of Spiral Nebulae 704
  114. 103. Modern Theories of the Spiral Nebulae 708
  115. 104. Cepheids in Spiral Nebulae 713
  116. 105. Extra-Galactic Nebulae 716
  117. 106. A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae 725
  118. 107. On the Masses of Nebulae and of Clusters of Nebulae 729
  119. 108. Nuclear Emission in Spiral Nebulae 738
  120. 109. The Resolution of Messier 32, NGC 205, and the Central Region of the Andromeda Nebula 744
  121. 110. A Revision of the Extra-Galactic Distance Scale 750
  122. 111. Redshifts and Magnitudes of Extra-Galactic Nebulae 753
  123. 112. On the Evolution of Galaxies 763
  124. 113. Fluctuations in Cosmic Radiation at Radio Frequencies 774
  125. 114. Positions of Three Discrete Sources of Galactic Radio-Frequency Radiation 777
  126. 115. Cosmic Radiation and Radio Stars 779
  127. 116. The Origin of Cosmic Radio Noise 782
  128. 117. Identification of the Radio Sources in Cassiopeia, Cygnus A, and Puppis A 786
  129. 118. The Nature of Cosmic Radio Sources 792
  130. 119. First True Radio Star? 801
  131. 120. The Discovery of Quasars 803
  132. 121. The Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources 3C 48 and 3C 273 811
  133. CHAPTER VIII. Relativity and Cosmology
  134. 122. Explanation of the Perihelion Motion of Mercury by Means of the General Theory of Relativity 820
  135. 123. A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun's Gravitational Field, from Observations Made at the Total Eclipse of May 29, 1919 826
  136. 124. Fourth Test of General Relativity: New Radar Result 833
  137. 125. On the Curvature of Space 838
  138. 126. A Homogeneous Universe of Constant Mass and Increasing Radius accounting for the Radial Velocity of Extra-Galactic Nebulae 844
  139. 127. On the Relation between the Expansion and the Mean Density of the Universe 849
  140. 128. The Cosmical Constants 851
  141. 129. The Steady-State Theory of the Expanding Universe 853
  142. 130. The Origin of Chemical Elements 864
  143. 131. The Evolution and Physics of the Expanding Universe 866
  144. 132. A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 MHz 873
  145. Indexes
  146. Author Index 879
  147. Subject Index 889
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