Chapters in this book

1. Frontmatter i
2. Contents vii
3. Preface ix
4. Note on Transliteration xv
5. Introduction 1
6. 1. The Soviet Union’s Biological Warfare Program, 1918– 1972 16
7. 2. Beginnings of the “Modern” Soviet BW program, 1970– 1977 51
8. 3. USSR Ministry of Defense Facilities and its Biological Warfare Program 79
9. 4. Open-Air Testing of Biological Weapons by Aralsk-7 on Vozrozhdeniye Island 121
10. 5. Soviet Civilian Sector Defenses against Biological Warfare and Infectious Diseases 138
11. 6. Biopreparat’s Role in the Soviet Biological Warfare Program and Its Survival in Russia 153
12. 7. Biopreparat’s State Research Center for Applied Microbiology (SRCAM) 177
13. 8. All-Union Research Institute of Molecular Biology and Scientific-Production Association “Vector” 205
14. 9. Biopreparat Facilities at Leningrad, Lyubuchany, and Stepnogorsk 250
15. 10. Soviet Biological Weapons and Doctrines for Their Use 282
16. 11. Distinguishing between Offensive and Defensive Biological Warfare Activities 323
17. 12. Assessments of Soviet Biological Warfare Activities by Western Intelligence Services 343
18. 13. United States Covert Biological Warfare Disinformation 397
19. 14. Soviet Allegations of the Use of Biological Weapons by the United States 407
20. 15. Sverdlovsk 1979: The Release of Bacillus anthracis Spores from a Soviet Ministry of Defense Facility and Its Consequences 423
21. 16. Soviet Research on Mycotoxins 450
22. 17. Assistance by Warsaw Pact States to the Soviet Union’s Biological Warfare Program 458
23. 18. Th e Question of Proliferation from the USSR Biological Warfare Program 476
24. 19. Recalcitrant Rus sian Policies in a Parallel Area: Chemical Weapon Demilitarization 507
25. 20. The Soviet Union, Russia, and Biological Warfare Arms Control 523
26. 21. The Gorbachev Years: The Soviet Biological Weapons Program, 1985– 1992 562
27. 22. Boris Yeltsin to the Present 631
28. 23. United States and International Efforts to Prevent Proliferation of Biological Weapons Expertise from the Former Soviet Union 679
29. Conclusion 698
30. Annex A. Annex B. Annex C. Annex D. Notes. Acknowledgments. Index
31. Annex A: Acronyms and Russian Terms 715
32. Annex B: Glossary of Biological Warfare-Related Words and Terms 723
33. Annex C: A Joint Decree of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, USSR, and the USSR Council of Ministers, Dated 24 June 1981 731
34. Annex D: Joint US/UK/Rus sian Statement of Biological Weapons 733
35. Notes 737
36. Acknowledgments 889
37. Index 891