Home Physical Sciences Ultrasound Assisted Single Screw Extrusion Process for Dispersion of Carbon Nanofibers in Polymers
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Ultrasound Assisted Single Screw Extrusion Process for Dispersion of Carbon Nanofibers in Polymers

  • A. I. Isayev , C. Jung , K. Gunes and R. Kumar
Published/Copyright: April 6, 2013
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

A novel method for the continuous dispersion of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) in a polymer matrix for manufacturing high performance nanocomposites was developed using an ultrasonically assisted single screw extrusion process. The effect of ultrasound on die pressure, electrical and thermal conductivity, rheological, morphological and mechanical properties of polyetherimide (PEI) filled with 1 to 20 wt.% CNFs was studied. A reduction in the die pressure and percolation threshold of CNF/PEI nanocomposites with a permanent increase in the viscosity and a permanent decrease in tan δ was achieved through ultrasonic treatment. Morphological studies of the treated nanocomposites revealed their improved homogeneity leading to an increase of the Young's modulus and electrical and thermal conductivity.


Mail address: Avraam I. Isayev, Institute of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-0301, USA. E-mail:

References

Ajayan, P. M., et al.: Nanocomposite Science and Technology, Wiley, Weinheim (2003)10.1002/3527602127Search in Google Scholar

Brandl, W., Marginean, G., “Functionalization of the Carbon Nanofibers by Plasma Treatment”, Thin Solid Films, 447, 181186 (2004)10.1016/S0040-6090(03)01077-0Search in Google Scholar

Breuer, O., Sundararaj, U., “Big Returns from Small Fibers: A Review of Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Composites”, Polym. Compos., 25, 630645 (2004)10.1002/pc.20058Search in Google Scholar

Carneiro, O. S., et al., “Production and Assessment of Polycarbonate Composites Reinforced with Vapor-Grown Carbon Fibers”, Compos. Sci. Technol., 58, 401407 (1998)10.1016/S0266-3538(97)00138-3Search in Google Scholar

Gauthier, C., et al., “Reinforcement Effects of Vapour Grown Carbon Nanofibres as Fillers in Rubbery Matrices”, Compos. Sci. Technol., 65, 335343 (2005)10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.08.003Search in Google Scholar

Chuang, H. K., et al., “Rheological Behavior of Polymer Blends”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 29, 22052229 (1984)10.1002/app.1984.070290625Search in Google Scholar

Cole, K. S., Cole, R. H., “Dispersion and Absorption in Dielectrics I”, Alternating Current Characteristics, 9, 341351 (1941)Search in Google Scholar

Du, F., et al., “Nanotube Networks in Polymer Nanocomposites: Rheology and Electrical Conductivity”, Macromolecules, 37, 90489055 (2004)10.1021/ma049164gSearch in Google Scholar

Hammel, E., et al., “Carbon Nanofibers for Composite Applications”, Carbon, 42, 11531158 (2004)10.1016/j.carbon.2003.12.043Search in Google Scholar

Han, C. D., et al., “Determination of the Order-Disorder Transition Temperature of Block Copolymers”, Macromolecules, 22, 383394 (1989)10.1021/ma00191a071Search in Google Scholar

Hergenrother, P. M., “The Use, Design, Synthesis, and Properties of High Performance/High Temperature Polymers: An Overview”, High Performance Polymers, 15, 345 (2003)Search in Google Scholar

Higgins, B. A., Brittain, W. J., “Polycarbonate Carbon Nanofiber Composites”, Eur. Polym. J., 41, 889893 (2005)10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.11.040Search in Google Scholar

Hine, P., et al., “The Incorporation of Carbon Nanofibers to Enhance the Properties of Self Reinforced, Single Polymer Composites”, Polymer, 46, 1093610944 (2005)10.1016/j.polymer.2005.08.076Search in Google Scholar

Hu, G., et al., “Low Percolation Threshold of Electrical Conductivity and Rheology in Poly(ethylene terephtalate) through the Networks of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes”, Polymer, 47, 480488 (2006)10.1016/j.polymer.2005.11.028Search in Google Scholar

Isayev, A. I., et al., “Effect of Oscillations during Extrusion on Rheology and Mechanical Properties of Polymers”, Adv. Polym. Technol., 10, 3145 (1990)10.1002/adv.1990.060100104Search in Google Scholar

Isayev, A. I., et al., “Continuous Mixing and Compounding of Polymer/Filler and Polymer/Polymer Mixtures with the Aid of Ultrasound”, Rubber Chem. Technol., 76, 923947 (2003)10.5254/1.3547782Search in Google Scholar

Jimenez, G. A., Jana, S. C., “Preparation of PEEK and Carbon Nanofiber Composites by Chaotic Mixing”, SPE ANTEC Tech. Papers, 1938–1942 (2005)Search in Google Scholar

Johnson, J. A., et al., “Dispersion and Film Properties of Carbon Nanofiber Pigmented Conductive Coatings”, Progress in Organic Coatings, 47, 198206 (2003)10.1016/S0300-9440(03)00139-5Search in Google Scholar

Kuriger, R. J., Alam, M. K., “Extrusion Conditions and Properties of Vapor Grown Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene”, Polym. Compos., 22, 604612 (2001)10.1002/pc.10563Search in Google Scholar

Kuriger, R. J., et al., “Processing and Characterization of Aligned Vapor Grown Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene”, Composites, Part A, 33, 5362 (2001)10.1016/S1359-835X(01)00070-7Search in Google Scholar

Lapshin, S., Isayev, A. I., “Continuous Process for Melt Intercalation of PP-clay Nanocomposites with Aid of Power Ultrasound”, J. Vinyl Additive Technol., 12, 7882 (2006)10.1002/vnl.20073Search in Google Scholar

Lapshin, S., Isayev, A. I., “Ultrasonic Aided Extrusion Process for Preparation of Polypropylene-clay Nanocomposites”, J. Vinyl Additive Technol., 13, 4045 (2007)10.1002/vnl.20095Search in Google Scholar

Lozano, K., Barrera, E. V., “Nanofiber-reinforced Thermoplastic Composites. I. Thermoanalytical and Mechanical Analyses”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 79, 125133 (2000)10.1002/1097-4628(20010103)79:1<125::AID-APP150>3.0.CO;2-DSearch in Google Scholar

Lozano, K., et al., “Rheological Analysis of Vapor-Grown Carbon Nanofiber-reinforced Polyethylene Composites”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 93, 155162 (2004)10.1002/app.20443Search in Google Scholar

Lozano, K., et al., “A Study on Nanofiber-reinforced Thermoplastic Composites (II): Investigation of the Mixing Rheology and Conduction Properties”, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 80, 11621172 (2001)10.1002/app.1200Search in Google Scholar

Ma, H., et al., “Processing, Structure, and Properties of Fibers from Polyester/Carbon Nanofiber Composites”, Compos. Sci. Technol., 63, 16171628 (2003)10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00071-XSearch in Google Scholar

Mordkovich, V. Z., “Carbon Nanofibers: A New Ultrahigh-strength Material for Chemical Technology, Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering (Translation)”, Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, 37, 429438 (2003)Search in Google Scholar

Potschke, P., et al., “Rheological Behavior of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube/Polycarbonate Composites”, Polymer, 43, 32473255 (2002)10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00151-9Search in Google Scholar

Shi, D., et al., “Plasma Coating of Carbon Nanofibers for Enhanced Dispersion and Interfacial Bonding in Polymer Composites”, Appl. Phys. Lett., 83, 53015303 (2003)10.1063/1.1636521Search in Google Scholar

Swain, S. K., Isayev, A. I., “Effect of Ultrasound on HDPE/Clay Nanocomposites: Rheology, Structure and Properties”, Polymer, 48, 281289 (2007)10.1016/j.polymer.2006.11.002Search in Google Scholar

Yang, S., et al., “Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Effectiveness of Carbon Nanofiber/LCP Composites”, Composites, Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, A36, 691697 (2005)10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.07.009Search in Google Scholar

Zeng, J., et al., “Processing and Properties of Poly(methyl methacrylate)/Carbon Nanofiber Composites”, Composites, Part B: Engineering, B35, 245249 (2004)10.1016/j.compositesb.2003.08.009Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, J., et al., “How Does Surface Modification Aid in the Dispersion of Carbon Nanofibers?”, Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 109, 2335123357 (2005)10.1021/jp055129fSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2008-2-12
Accepted: 2008-4-21
Published Online: 2013-04-06
Published in Print: 2008-09-01

© 2008, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich

Downloaded on 9.2.2026 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.3139/217.2167/html
Scroll to top button