PCTRAN enhancement for large break loss of coolant accident concurrent with loss of offsite power in VVER-1000 simulation
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K. Hadad
Abstract
PCTRAN capability to simulate a large break loss of coolant accident concurrent with the loss of offsite power in Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant is enhanced and investigated. Following the correction of the accident scenario for Bushehr nuclear power plant in PCTRAN, simulation results are compared with the final safety assessment report of that plant. As a result, the primary loop thermal hydraulics parameters including pressure, total flow rates, leakage flow rates and reactor power are in a good agreement with the reference data. Hot and cold leg temperature variations have the same trends as reference data but have a maximum of 80 8C disagreement at the transient initiation. The reason for this disagreement is explained and its adjustment is discussed. Improvements of PCTRAN simulator are mainly due to enhancing user control for atmospheric steam dump valve, containment pressure and emergency core cooling systems which are thoroughly described in this paper.
Abstract
Die verbesserte Leistungsfähigkeit des PCTRAN-Codes, Kühlmittelverluststörfälle bei großem Leck mit zeitgleicher Stromabschaltung im Kernkraftwerk Bushehr zu simulieren, wurde untersucht. Nach einer Korrektur des Störfallszenarios für das Kernkraftwerk Bushehr werden die Ergebnisse verglichen mit der abschließenden Sicherheitsbewertung für dieses Kraftwerk. Die thermohydraulischen Parameter des Primärkreislaufs stimmen gut überein mit den Referenzdaten. Die Temperaturschwankungen des heißen und kalten Strangs haben den gleichen Trend wie die Referenzdaten, aber mit einem Maximum von 80 8C eine Nichtübereinstimmung bei der Einleitung der Transienten. Der Grund dafür wird erklärt und eine Programmanpassung diskutiert.
References
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Books · Bücher
Manual of Good Practice in Food Irradiation Sanitary, Phytosanitary and Other Applications. IAEA Technical Report Series No. 481, Published by the International Atomic Energy Agency 2017, ISBN 978-92-0-105215-5, 85 pp., 58.00 EUR.
Irradiation is generally defined as the exposure of a substance to radiation of various frequencies. In this publication, food irradiation is the process in which a product or commodity is exposed to ionizing radiation to improve its safety and to maintain its quality. During irradiation, energy is transferred from a source of ionizing radiation into the treated product. Among the irradiation process parameters, the most important is the amount of ionizing energy absorbed per unit mass of the target material, which is termed “absorbed dose” or simply “dose”.
Although it is little known by the general public, the irradiation process is used on a wide commercial scale across the world to enhance polymers and to sterilize single-use medical devices. The technology is also used to maintain the quality of food, improve its microbiological safety or reduce waste. The Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture estimates that the quantity of food irradiated in 2013 was approximately 700 000 tonnes.
One of the most significant changes in the radiation processing industry since 1995 has been the adoption of quality assurance procedures. ISO 9001:2008, Quality Management Systems: Requirements, a standard of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) which sets out the requirements of a quality management system, has become a universal reference. For the radiation sterilization of healthcare products, many irradiation facilities across the world are now certified to ISO 11137-1:2006, Sterilization of Health Care Products: Radiation (Part 1), which contains the requirement for the development, validation and routine control of irradiation processes. For food irradiation, a similar standard – ISO 14470:2011, Food Irradiation: Requirements for the Development, Validation and Routine Control of the Ionizing Radiation Process Used for the Treatment of Food – was developed and published for the first time in 2011. It builds on the international standards for food irradiation and a code of practice for food irradiation facilities that are enshrined in the Codex Alimentarius standards and guidelines, which underpin international trade.
The standards state what must be done but not how it must be done and an appreciation of how practices can best meet the standards can be demanding for non-specialists and specialists alike. It is recognized that the degree of implementation of quality management systems can be quite different in developed and developing countries. This difference sometimes results in a barrier for irradiated foods that are, or can be, the object of international trade.
Irradiation cannot be used as a substitute for good manufacturing practice. Primary food production should still be managed in a way that ensures that food is safe and of suitable quality for human consumption. Compliance with the Codex Alimentarius General Principles of Food Hygiene and additional commodity specific codes of hygienic practice requires producers to identify hazards and to implement measures to protect food sources and control plant and animal health.
Ensuring that the process of irradiating food delivers the desired result consistently is essential for the correct application of the technology and will help to inspire consumer confidence in irradiated food. This publication aims to help operators of irradiation facilities to appreciate and improve their practices and also to provide detailed, yet straightforward, technical information for stakeholders such as food regulators, manufacturers and traders, who also need to understand “good practice”.
By introducing the technical aspects of food irradiation and providing examples of good practice when irradiating food for sanitary, phytosanitary and other purposes, this publication aims to assist operators of irradiation facilities treating food, and producers and traders of food and government officers involved in the authorization or inspection of irradiation facilities treating food. Guidance provided here, describing good practices, represents expert opinion but does not constitute recommendations made on the basis of a consensus of Member States.
© 2017 Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Best estimate approach for the evaluation of critical heat flux phenomenon in the boiling water reactors
- Coupled neutronic core and subchannel analysis of nanofluids in VVER-1000 type reactor
- PCTRAN enhancement for large break loss of coolant accident concurrent with loss of offsite power in VVER-1000 simulation
- Experimental study of natural circulation flow instability in rectangular channels
- Exerimental method and preliminary studies of the passive containment water film evaporation mass transfer
- Automated generation of burnup chain for reactor analysis applications
- Fission source sampling in coupled Monte Carlo simulations
- Hysteresis phenomenon in nuclear reactor dynamics
- Investigation of neutronic and safety parameters variation in 5 MW research reactor due to U3O8Al fuel conversion to ThO2 + U3O8Al
- Implementation of meso-scale radioactive dispersion model for GPU
- Solution of the multilayer multigroup neutron diffusion equation in cartesian geometry by fictitious borders power method
- Half-space albedo problem with modified FN method for linear and quadratic anisotropic scattering
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Best estimate approach for the evaluation of critical heat flux phenomenon in the boiling water reactors
- Coupled neutronic core and subchannel analysis of nanofluids in VVER-1000 type reactor
- PCTRAN enhancement for large break loss of coolant accident concurrent with loss of offsite power in VVER-1000 simulation
- Experimental study of natural circulation flow instability in rectangular channels
- Exerimental method and preliminary studies of the passive containment water film evaporation mass transfer
- Automated generation of burnup chain for reactor analysis applications
- Fission source sampling in coupled Monte Carlo simulations
- Hysteresis phenomenon in nuclear reactor dynamics
- Investigation of neutronic and safety parameters variation in 5 MW research reactor due to U3O8Al fuel conversion to ThO2 + U3O8Al
- Implementation of meso-scale radioactive dispersion model for GPU
- Solution of the multilayer multigroup neutron diffusion equation in cartesian geometry by fictitious borders power method
- Half-space albedo problem with modified FN method for linear and quadratic anisotropic scattering
