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Influence of Porosity in LBM Layers on the Quality of Laser Deep Alloying

  • K. Vetter , H. Freiße and F. Vollertsen
Published/Copyright: April 3, 2019
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HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials
From the journal HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials Volume 74 Issue 2

Abstract

Powder bed-based processes such as laser beam melting (LBM) are becoming increasingly relevant in industrial production environments. A novel approach is to use the LBM process for the targeted addition of alloy elements for the laser deep alloying process. In this two-step process, pre-deposited element layers are remelted and mixed into the base material using a high-power laser and beam modulation. However, the pre-deposition of master alloy by means of LBM may induce pores of varying intensity in the applied layers. The present work deals with the influence of such porosity in pre-deposited layers on the resulting microstructure of deep-alloyed micro-samples and thus on the quality of laser deep alloying. The goal was to investigate the suitability of the LBM process for the addition of alloy elements into the melt pool to maintain high throughput material development. For this purpose, an atomized stainless steel was applied in different layer thicknesses on an unalloyed steel. In addition, a different porosity was set in the layers. On average, only a few pores appeared in the microstructure after laser deep alloying. Instead, cracks occurred unsystematically in the microstructure. The experiments have shown that the porosity of pre-deposited layers has no influence on the formation of pores or cracks in the resulting microstructure after laser deep alloying. Thus, it was established that regarding pores in the layers, the laser deep alloying process is stable against fluctuations in the energy deposition in the LBM process.

Kurzfassung

Pulverbettbasierte Verfahren wie das Laserstrahlschmelzen (LBM) gewinnen im Bereich der industriellen Fertigung immer mehr an Bedeutung. Ein neuartiger Ansatz besteht darin, den LBM-Prozess für die gezielte Zugabe von Legierungselementen in den Laser-Tieflegierprozess zu nutzen. Bei diesem zweistufigen Vorgang werden vordeponierte Elementschichten mit einem Hochleistungslaser umgeschmolzen und mittels Strahlmodulation im Grundwerkstoff vermischt. Das Vordeponieren der Vorlegierung mittels LBM kann in der Schicht jedoch Poren in unterschiedlich starker Ausprägung verursachen. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Einfluss einer solchen Porosität auf das resultierende Gefüge tieflegierter Mikroproben und somit auf die Qualität des Laser-Tieflegierens. Ziel war es, die Eignung des LBM-Prozesses für die Zugabe von Legierungselementen in das Schmelzbad zu untersuchen, um eine Werkstoffentwicklung im Hochdurchsatz gewährleisten zu können. Hierzu wurde ein als Pulver vorliegender Edelstahl in verschiedenen Schichtdicken auf einen unlegierten Stahl aufgetragen. Darüber hinaus wurde eine unterschiedliche Porosität in den Schichten eingestellt. Im Durchschnitt entstanden nur wenige Poren im Gefüge der erzeugten Legierungsproben. Stattdessen traten unsystematisch Risse im Gefüge auf. Die Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass die Porosität vordeponierter Elementschichten keinen Einfluss auf die Entstehung von Poren oder Rissen im resultierenden Gefüge nach dem Tieflegieren hat. Auf diese Weise konnte festgestellt werden, dass der Laser-Tieflegierprozess im Hinblick auf Poren in den Elementschichten stabil gegen Schwankungen des Energieeintrags beim Laserstrahlschmelzen ist.

Keywords: Manufacturing process; material; alloy; additive manufacturing; high throughput
Schlüsselwörter: Herstellungsprozess; Werkstoff; Legierung; Additive Fertigung; Hochdurchsatz
4 (Corresponding author/Kontakt)

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Published Online: 2019-04-03
Published in Print: 2019-04-09

© 2019, Carl Hanser Verlag, München

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Praxis-Informationen/From and for Practice
  2. AWT Info
  3. HTM-Praxis
  4. Kurzfassungen/Abstracts
  5. Kurzfassungen
  6. Inhalt/Contents
  7. Inhalt
  8. Editorial
  9. Editorial
  10. Scientific Contributions/Fachbeiträge
  11. Influence of the Phase Transformation Behaviour on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a 4.5 wt.-% Mn Q&P Steel*
  12. Influence of Porosity in LBM Layers on the Quality of Laser Deep Alloying
  13. New Steel Grades for Deep Carburizing of Windmill Transmission Components*
  14. Simulation-Aided Process Chain Design for the Manufacturing of Hybrid Shafts
  15. Development of an Interactive Batch Planning System for Plasma Nitriding Furnaces*
https://doi.org/10.3139/105.110379
Keywords for this article
Manufacturing process; material; alloy; additive manufacturing; high throughput

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Praxis-Informationen/From and for Practice
  2. AWT Info
  3. HTM-Praxis
  4. Kurzfassungen/Abstracts
  5. Kurzfassungen
  6. Inhalt/Contents
  7. Inhalt
  8. Editorial
  9. Editorial
  10. Scientific Contributions/Fachbeiträge
  11. Influence of the Phase Transformation Behaviour on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a 4.5 wt.-% Mn Q&P Steel*
  12. Influence of Porosity in LBM Layers on the Quality of Laser Deep Alloying
  13. New Steel Grades for Deep Carburizing of Windmill Transmission Components*
  14. Simulation-Aided Process Chain Design for the Manufacturing of Hybrid Shafts
  15. Development of an Interactive Batch Planning System for Plasma Nitriding Furnaces*
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