University of Toronto Press
Meteorological Instruments
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About this book
Author / Editor information
W. E. KNOWLES MIDDLETON was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and of the Optical Society of America. In 1959 the latter Society awarded him its Ives Medal for his work in meteorological optics, photometry, and colorimetry. He wrote 15 books and approximately 100 scientific papers on the science of meteorological sciences and instruments.Spilhaus A.F. :
ATHELSTAN F. SPILHAUS is Dean of the Institute of Technology, University of Minnesota. He was formerly head of the Department of Meteorology, New York University.
Reviews
" …. Middleton has with his instrument book made an excellent contribution … It is clearly written and thorough in the portion of the field that is covered. One feels that it is not a re-hash or digest of older contributions but a book written by an expert in the field of instruments. For the training of students it fills a badly-felt need. The book is practical in tenor, yet it does not shun theory that leads to a full understanding of the principles underlying the various meteorological instruments." Review of Scientific Instruments
"There is a dearth of modern books on meteorological instruments written in the English language, and those who wish for information on the subject have perforce to turn to foreign publications ... Meteorologists will therefore afford a warm welcome to the present volume, in the 213 pages of which Mr. Knowles Middleton has compressed a surprisingly large amount of information upon the design and construction of meteorological instruments. The numerous references scattered throughout its pages show a wide knowledge of the literature of the subject ... " Journal, Royal Meteorological Society
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Frontmatter
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PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
vi -
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PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
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CONTENTS
ix - I. INTRODUCTION: PROPERTIES OF METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
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1. General properties of scientific instruments
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2. Special characteristics of meteorological instruments
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3. Characteristics of recording instruments in general
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4. Control of recording instruments by eye readings of non-recording instruments
11 - II. THE MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
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1. General principles and methods
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2. Discussion of units of pressure
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3. General errors of pressure measurements
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4. The mercury barometer
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5. Elastic barometers
42 -
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6. The hypsometer
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7. Pressure variographs and variometers
53 - III. THE MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE IN METEOROLOGY
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1. Scope of the chapter. Definition of temperature. Units
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2. Exposure of thermometers
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3. The lag coefficients of meteorological thermometers
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4. Classification of meteorological thermometers
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5. Liquid-in-glass thermometers
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6. Deformation thermometers
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7. Liquid-in-metal thermometers
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8. Electrical thermometers
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9. The testing of thermometers and thermographs
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10. Checking thermographs against thermometers in the screen
94 - IV. THE MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY
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1. Introduction: Units of measurement
96 -
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2. Classification of methods of humidity measurement
98 -
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3. The psychrometer
99 -
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4. The hair hygrometer
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5. The dew-point hygrometer
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6. Absorption hygrometry
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7. Diffusion hygrometers
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8. Optical Hygrometers
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9. Hygrometer calibration cechniques
116 - V. THE MEASUREMENT OF PRECIPITATION AND EVAPORATION
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1. General considerations
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2. The ordinary rain gauge
119 -
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3. Recording rain gauges
121 -
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4. Totalizers
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5. Rate-of-rainfall recorders
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6. Measurement of snow
126 -
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7. Exposure of rain and snow gauges
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8. Rainfall measurements by radar
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9. Measurement of dew: Drosometers
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10. Measurement of evaporation
131 - VI. THE MEASUREMENT OF WIND NEAR THE SURFACE
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I. General considerations: Units
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2. Wind vanes
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3. The measurement of wind speed: Classification of Anemometers
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4. Rotation anemometers
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5. Pressure-plate anemometers
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6. Bridled anemometers
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7. Pressure-tube anemometers
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8. Anemometers making use of the cooling powers of the air
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9. Exposure of wind instruments
164 - VII. THE MEASUREMENT OF UPPER WINDS BY MEANS OF PILOT BALLOONS
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1. General remarks
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2. Balloons
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3. Theodolites for following balloons
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4. Methods of observation and computation
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5. General accuracy of pilot-balloon results
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6. Upper winds by radio and radar
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7. Controlled-altitude free balloons
196 - VIII. INSTRUMENTS FOR INVESTIGATING CLOUDS
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1. The measurable attributes of clouds
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2. Cloud amount
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3. Cloud direction
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4. Speed of motion
199 -
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5. Measurement of cloud height
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6. The structure of clouds
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7. Cloud photography
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8. Sferics
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9. Radar meteorology
215 - IX. SUNSHINE RECORDERS
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1. General considerations
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2. The Campbell-Stokes recorder
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3. The Jordan sunshine recorder
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4. The Pers sunshine recorder
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5. The Marvin sunshine recorder
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6. Sunshine intensity recorders
224 - X. INSTRUMENTS FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF THE UPPER AIR
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I. Introduction
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2. Sounding balloons
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3. Sounding-balloon meteorographs (without radio)
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4. Special applications of sounding balloons
231 -
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5. Aircraft observations
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6. Radiosondes: General remarks and classification
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7. The time-interval radiosonde
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8. Code-type radiosonde
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9. The variable-radio-frequency-type radiosonde
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10. Variable-audio-frequency radiosonde
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11. The errors of radiosondes
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12. Constant-level-balloon radiosondes
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13. Special uses of radiosondes
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14. Calibration apparatus
264 -
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15. Radio wave soundings
264 - XI. SPECIAL METEOROLOGICAL ASSEMBLIES AND SYSTEMS
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1. General
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2. Portable packaged weather stations
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3. Mobile meteorological stations
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4. Automatic weather stations
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5. The complete weather instrument-an atmospheric intelligence system
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INDEX
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