Modelling of nanocrystalline iron nitriding process — influence of specific surface area

[1] Arabczyk, W. (2005). The state of studies on iron catalyst for the ammonia synthesis. Polish Journal of Chemical Technology, 7, 8–17. Suche in Google Scholar

[2] Arabczyk, W., & Jasińska, I. (2006). The current state of knowledge of iron catalysts used in ammonia synthesis. Przemysł Chemiczny, 85, 130–137. (in Polish) Suche in Google Scholar

[3] Arabczyk, W., Jasińska, I., & Lubkowski, K. (2004). The surface properties of iron catalyst for ammonia synthesis. Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters, 83, 385–392. DOI:10.1023/B:REAC.0000046101.89184.b8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:REAC.0000046101.89184.b810.1023/B:REAC.0000046101.89184.b8Suche in Google Scholar

[4] Arabczyk, W., & Kałucki, K. (1993). New model of deactivation of iron catalysts for ammonia synthesis. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 75, 2539–2542. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-2991(08)64344-X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2991(08)64344-X10.1016/S0167-2991(08)64344-XSuche in Google Scholar

[5] Arabczyk, W., Moszyński, D., Narkiewicz, U., Pelka, R., & Podsiadły, M. (2007). Poisoning of iron catalyst by sulfur. Catalysis Today, 124, 43–48. DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2007.02.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2007.02.00310.1016/j.cattod.2007.02.003Suche in Google Scholar

[6] Arabczyk, W., Narkiewicz, U., & Kałucki, K. (1994). Model of active surface of iron catalyst for ammonia synthesis. Vacuum, 45, 267–269. DOI: 10.1016/0042-207X(94)90186-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207X(94)90186-410.1016/0042-207X(94)90186-4Suche in Google Scholar

[7] Arabczyk, W., Narkiewicz, U., & Moszyński, D. (1999). Doublelayer model of the fused iron catalyst for ammonia synthesis. Langmuir, 15, 5785–5789. DOI: 10.1021/la981132x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la981132x10.1021/la981132xSuche in Google Scholar

[8] Arabczyk, W., & Pelka, R. (2009). Studies of the kinetics of two parallel reactions: ammonia decomposition and nitriding of iron catalyst. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 113, 411–416. DOI: 10.1021/jp8079759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp807975910.1021/jp8079759Suche in Google Scholar

[9] Arabczyk, W., & Wróbel, R. (2003). Study of the kinetics of nitriding of nanocrystalline iron using TG and XRD methods. Solid State Phenomena, 94, 185–188. DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.94.185. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.94.18510.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.94.185Suche in Google Scholar

[10] Arabczyk, W., Zamłynny, J., & Moszyński, D. (2006). The influence of hydrogen sulphide on the kinetics of ammonia decomposition over a doubly promoted iron catalyst. Polish Journal of Chemistry, 80, 345–350. Suche in Google Scholar

[11] Arabczyk, W., Zamłynny, J., Moszyński, D., & Kałucki, K. (2005). Ammonia decomposition over iron in the presence of water vapor. Polish Journal of Chemistry, 79, 1495–1501. Suche in Google Scholar

[12] Bell, T., Birch, B. J., Korotchenko, V., & Evans, S. P. (1975). Controlled nitriding in ammonia-hydrogen mixtures. In Heat treatment’ 73 (Book no. 163, pp. 51–57). London, UK: The Metals Society. Suche in Google Scholar

[13] Ertl, G. (1991). Elementary steps in ammonia synthesis: the surface science approach. In J. R. Jennings (Ed.), Catalytic ammonia synthesis fundamentals and practice (pp. 109–131). New York, NY, USA: Plenum Press. Suche in Google Scholar

[14] Ertl, G. (1989). Physical characterization of industrial catalysts: The mechanism of ammonia synthesis. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 44, 315–320. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-2991(09)61307-0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2991(09)61307-010.1016/S0167-2991(09)61307-0Suche in Google Scholar

[15] Ertl, G., Lee, S. B., & Weiss, M. (1982). Kinetics of nitrogen adsorption on Fe(111). Surface Science, 114, 515–526. DOI:10.1016/0039-6028(82)90702-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(82)90702-610.1016/0039-6028(82)90702-6Suche in Google Scholar

[16] Figurski, M. J., Arabczyk, W., Lendzion-Bieluń, Z., Kaleńczuk, R. J., & Lenart, S. (2003). On the distribution of aluminium and magnesium oxides in wustite catalysts for ammonia synthesis. Applied Catalysis A: General, 247, 9–15. DOI:10.1016/S0926-860X(03)00084-X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(03)00084-X10.1016/S0926-860X(03)00084-XSuche in Google Scholar

[17] Figurski, M. J., Arabczyk, W., Lendzion-Bieluń, Z., & Lenart, S. (2004). Investigation of manganese-doped iron ammonia synthesis catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 266, 11–20. DOI: 10.1016/j.apcata.2004.01.032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2004.01.03210.1016/j.apcata.2004.01.032Suche in Google Scholar

[18] Frankenburg, W. G. (1955). The catalytic synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen. In P. H. Emmett (Ed.), Catalysis (Vol. 3, pp. 171–263). New York, NY, USA: Reinhold Publishing Corporation. Suche in Google Scholar

[19] Grabke, H. J. (1969). Zur Fehlordnung des γ′-Eisennitrids. Berichte der Bunsen-Gesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie, 73, 596–601. DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19690730617. Suche in Google Scholar

[20] Jennings, J. R. (Ed.) (1991). Catalytic ammonia synthesis fundamentals and practice. New York, NY, USA: Plenum Press. 10.1007/978-1-4757-9592-9Suche in Google Scholar

[21] Kiełbasa, K., Pelka, R., & Arabczyk, W. (2010). Studies of the kinetics of ammonia decomposition on promoted nanocrystalline iron using gas phases of different nitriding degree. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 114, 4531–4534. DOI:10.1021/jp9099286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp909928610.1021/jp9099286Suche in Google Scholar

[22] Kunze, J. (1990). Nitrogen and carbon in iron and steels thermodynamics. In Physical research (Vol. 16). Berlin, Germany: Akademie Verlag. Suche in Google Scholar

[23] Lehrer, E. (1930). Über das Eisen-Wasserstoff-Ammoniak-Gleichgewicht. Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, 36, 383–392. DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19300360606. Suche in Google Scholar

[24] Lendzion-Bieluń, Z., & Arabczyk, W. (2001). Method for determination of the chemical composition of phases of the iron catalyst precursor for ammonia synthesis. Applied Catalysis A: General, 207, 37–41. DOI: 10.1016/S0926-860X(00)00614-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(00)00614-110.1016/S0926-860X(00)00614-1Suche in Google Scholar

[25] Lendzion-Bieluń, Z., Arabczyk, W., & Figurski, M. (2002). The effect of the iron oxidation degree on distribution of promoters in the fused catalyst precursors and their activity in the ammonia synthesis reaction. Applied Catalysis A: General, 227, 255–263. DOI: 10.1016/S0926-860X(01)00938-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(01)00938-310.1016/S0926-860X(01)00938-3Suche in Google Scholar

[26] Lightfoot, B. J., & Jack, D. H. (1975). Kinetics of nitriding with and without white-layer formation. In Heat treatment’ 73 (Book no. 163, pp. 59–65). London, UK: The Metals Society. Suche in Google Scholar

[27] Lu, K., & Lu, J. (1999). Surface nanocrystallization (SNC) of metallic materials-presentation of the concept behind a new approach. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 15, 193–197. Suche in Google Scholar

[28] Moszyńska, I., Moszyński, D., & Arabczyk, W. (2009). Hysteresis in nitriding and reduction in the nanocrystalline iron-ammonia-hydrogen system. Przemysł Chemiczny, 88, 526–529. (in Polish) Suche in Google Scholar

[29] Nielsen, A. (1968). An investigation on promoted iron catalysts for the synthesis of ammonia. Copenhagen, Denmark: Julius Gjellerups Forlag. Suche in Google Scholar

[30] Nielsen, A. (Ed.) (1995). Ammonia: Catalysis and manufacture. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. 10.1007/978-3-642-79197-0Suche in Google Scholar

[31] Park, J. Y., & Levenspiel, O. (1975). The crackling core model for the reaction of solid particles. Chemical Engineering Science, 30, 1207–1214. DOI: 10.1016/0009-2509(75)85041-X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(75)85041-X10.1016/0009-2509(75)85041-XSuche in Google Scholar

[32] Pelka, R., & Arabczyk, W. (2009). Studies of the kinetics of reaction between iron catalysts and ammonia — Nitriding of nanocrystalline iron with parallel catalytic ammonia decomposition. Topics in Catalysis, 52, 1506–1516. DOI:10.1007/s11244-009-9297-y. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-009-9297-y10.1007/s11244-009-9297-ySuche in Google Scholar

[33] Pelka, R., Glinka, P., & Arabczyk, W. (2008). The influence of iron nanocrystallite size on a nitriding process rate. Materials Science-Poland, 26, 349–356. Suche in Google Scholar

[34] Pelka, R., Moszyńska, I., & Arabczyk, W. (2009). Catalytic ammonia decomposition over Fe/Fe4N. Catalysis Letters, 128, 72–76. DOI: 10.1007/s10562-008-9758-0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10562-008-9758-010.1007/s10562-008-9758-0Suche in Google Scholar

[35] Schlögl, R. (1991). Preparation and activation of the technical ammonia synthesis catalyst. In J. R. Jennings (Ed.), Catalytic ammonia synthesis fundamentals and practice (pp. 19–107). New York, NY, USA: Plenum Press. Suche in Google Scholar

[36] Seth, B. B. L., & Ross, H. U. (1965). The mechanism of iron oxide reduction. Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME, 233, 180–185. Suche in Google Scholar

[37] Tong, W. P., He, C. S., He, J. C., Zuo, L., Tao, N. R., & Wang, Z. B. (2006). Strongly enhanced nitriding kinetics by means of grain refinement. Applied Physics Letters, 89(2), 021918 (3 pages). DOI: 10.1063/1.2221498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.222149810.1063/1.2221498Suche in Google Scholar

[38] Tong, W. P., Tao, N. R., Wang, Z. B., Zhang, H. W., Lu, J., & Lu, K. (2004). The formation of ɛ-Fe3-2N phase in a nanocrystalline Fe. Scripta Materialia, 50, 647–650. DOI:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2003.11.022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2003.11.02210.1016/j.scriptamat.2003.11.022Suche in Google Scholar