Abstract
World-class Carlin-type Au deposits hosted in sedimentary rock were formed when profuse Eocene silicic magmatism swept across northern Nevada in response to arc migration. Carlin-type Au deposits formed along with porphyry/skarn Cu-Mo-W-Au deposits, epithermal Ag-Au deposits, and distal disseminated Ag-Au deposits. But unlike these other Au-bearing deposits that have clear associations with igneous intrusions, Carlin-type ore deposits appear to have formed distant from concealed plutons, and their origin remains controversial. Despite decades of abundant geophysical, geochronological, and geochemical studies suggesting the involvement of magmas, concrete evidence for magmatic involvement is still lacking. Consequently, the involvement of contemporaneous igneous systems remains inferred based on age, proximity, and variable isotopic, geochemical, and geophysical clues. A recent synthesis of deposit models postulates that Carlin-type Au deposits are intrusion-related, but that the causative magmas reside deeper (∼6–12 km) than in typical porphyry and peripheral systems (∼3–5 km), meaning that Carlin-type deposits are perhaps more distal expressions of igneous intrusions. We investigate a collection of “suspect” magmatic systems over a ∼7 m.y. timespan (∼41–34 Ma) that are contemporaneous with and near known Carlin-type ore deposits. We report results of a multifaceted array of in situ geochemical analyses (FTIR, EMP, SHRIMP-RG, LA-ICP-MS) of quartz-hosted melt inclusions, biotite, and quartz to better characterize the pre-eruptive characteristics of these magmas. We also report results of thermobarometry and thermodynamic phase equilibria modeling to help place constraints on magmatic reservoir depths and processes. Rather than a single “flavor” of silicic magma, we observe a surprisingly broad compositional spectrum of rhyolites, with one end of the spectrum exhibiting more arc-like (I-type) characteristics and the other end displaying more post-subduction, thick-crust extensional (A-type) characteristics. This broad compositional spectrum suggests a more complex picture of silicic crustal magmatism operating over a narrow span of time during slab rollback. Despite this spectrum, magmatic systems in this study are consistently ferroan and generally peraluminous, which we interpret as an expression of the relatively elevated geotherm at the time and incorporation of variable amounts of highly peraluminous metasedimentary crustal components. The silicic magma spectrum encompasses a range of mineralization associations, including subduction-related Cu-Mo-W-Au-Ag and post-subduction, thick-crust extensional rare-metal Mo-Sn-W-F-Be-Ag-Au, consistent with the prolific and diverse array of ore deposits that formed during this time. Carlin-type Au deposition appears to be associated with nearly the entire magmatic spectrum. This apparent indifference to silicic magma “flavor” would seem to imply that if magmas are involved in Carlin-type Au deposit genesis, they perhaps do not need to be compositionally specialized and/or possibly are only relevant as heat sources driving circulation to remobilize and redistribute metals.
Acknowledgments and Funding
We thank R. Becker of Newmont Mining Corporation and R. Bond, M. McMullen, P. Anderson, and M. Bardou of Barrick Gold Corporation for sharing their enthusiasm in the field and expertise in the region. We also thank Z. Zajacz, A. Tsay, C. Grondahl, and T. Todorov for support with laser ablation analyses and data reduction, and M. Coble for support with SHRIMP-RG analyses and data reduction. Thank you to C.M. Mercer for help plotting data in Python and M.A. Mercer and G. Arrieta for thoughtful geologic and technique discussions. We are immensely grateful for the time and valuable feedback we received from editors and reviewers including R. Orndorff, A. Acosta-Vigil, R. Esposito, D. Coleman, M. Williams, D. John, M. Myers, E. Christiansen, J. Cline, A. Pamukcu, Z. Zajacz, A. Tsay, and two anonymous reviewers. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Ertlite, NaAl3Al6(Si4B2O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O, a new mineral species of the tourmaline supergroup
- Synthesis of zircon-hafnon to determine oxygen isotope matrix effects in secondary ionization mass spectrometry
- Using multimodal X-ray computed tomography to advance 3D petrography: A non-destructive investigation of olivine inside a carbonaceous chondrite
- Pre-eruptive characteristics of “suspect” silicic magmas in Carlin-type Au-forming systems
- Accurate XANES determination of microscale Fe redox state in clinopyroxene: A multivariate approach with polarization-dependent Fe K-edge XAFS
- Apatite geochemistry records crustal anatexis: A case study of metapelites and granitic gneisses from the Cona area in the eastern Himalaya
- Formation and transformation of clay minerals influenced by biological weathering in a red soil profile in Yangtze River, China
- Mineralogy and precipitation controls on saprolite lithium isotopes during intensive weathering of basalt
- Texture and geochemistry of multi-stage hydrothermal scheelite in the Dongyuan porphyry-type W-Mo deposit, South China: Implications for the ore-forming process and fluid metasomatism
- Anoxic and iron-rich seawater conditions facilitated reverse weathering: Evidence from the Mesoproterozoic siliceous rocks
- The effect of H2O on the crystallization of orthopyroxene in a high-Mg andesitic melt
- Bradleyite, Na3Mg(PO4)(CO3), inclusion in diamond: Structure and significance
- Revision of Y3+ ionic radii in common minerals based on trace element partitioning
- Aqueous fluid drives rhenium depletion in the continental crust
- Letter
- Synthesis and crystal structure of V-rich tourmaline
Articles in the same Issue
- Ertlite, NaAl3Al6(Si4B2O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O, a new mineral species of the tourmaline supergroup
- Synthesis of zircon-hafnon to determine oxygen isotope matrix effects in secondary ionization mass spectrometry
- Using multimodal X-ray computed tomography to advance 3D petrography: A non-destructive investigation of olivine inside a carbonaceous chondrite
- Pre-eruptive characteristics of “suspect” silicic magmas in Carlin-type Au-forming systems
- Accurate XANES determination of microscale Fe redox state in clinopyroxene: A multivariate approach with polarization-dependent Fe K-edge XAFS
- Apatite geochemistry records crustal anatexis: A case study of metapelites and granitic gneisses from the Cona area in the eastern Himalaya
- Formation and transformation of clay minerals influenced by biological weathering in a red soil profile in Yangtze River, China
- Mineralogy and precipitation controls on saprolite lithium isotopes during intensive weathering of basalt
- Texture and geochemistry of multi-stage hydrothermal scheelite in the Dongyuan porphyry-type W-Mo deposit, South China: Implications for the ore-forming process and fluid metasomatism
- Anoxic and iron-rich seawater conditions facilitated reverse weathering: Evidence from the Mesoproterozoic siliceous rocks
- The effect of H2O on the crystallization of orthopyroxene in a high-Mg andesitic melt
- Bradleyite, Na3Mg(PO4)(CO3), inclusion in diamond: Structure and significance
- Revision of Y3+ ionic radii in common minerals based on trace element partitioning
- Aqueous fluid drives rhenium depletion in the continental crust
- Letter
- Synthesis and crystal structure of V-rich tourmaline