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Magmatic and hydrothermal controls on diverse Nb mineralization associated with carbonatite-alkaline complexes in the southern Qinling orogenic belt, Central China

  • Rong-Lin Ma , Wei Terry Chen and Yan-Wen Tang
Published/Copyright: March 11, 2024
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 109 Issue 3

Abstract

Although carbonatite-alkaline complexes are the primary source of the world’s niobium (Nb) supply, the mineralization style is largely variable in these complexes and the processes behind their formation are still poorly understood. Exemplifying with our new observations on the ~430 Ma Miaoya and Shaxiongdong carbonatite-syenite complexes in the southern Qinling orogenic belt, central China, show that disseminated Nb mineralization in these two deposits is pervasive throughout the entire complexes in both syenite and carbonatite. Both magmatic and hydrothermal processes have contributed to Nb mineralization in both deposits, despite differences in the mineralization style. The Nb-bearing minerals in the mineralized Miaoya syenites include magmatic U-poor pyrochlore, rutile, and ilmenite with minor amounts of columbite, and hydrothermal columbite and rutile, whereas those in the mineralized carbonatites are mainly magmatic U-poor pyrochlore, uranpyrochlore, U-rich betafite, and rutile with minor amounts of columbite, and hydrothermal columbite and rutile. On the other hand, the Nb-bearing minerals in the mineralized Shaxiongdong syenites include magmatic U-poor pyrochlore, titanite, rutile, and ilmenite, and hydrothermal fersmite, rutile, and ilmenite, whereas those in the mineralized carbonatites are mainly magmatic U-poor pyrochlore without any hydrothermal Nb-bearing minerals. Field observations, whole-rock chemical and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions strongly constrained that assimilation of U-rich rocks (e.g., the hosting Yaolinghe and Meiziya Groups) and magma differentiation are responsible for diverse magmatic Nb mineralization in the two deposits. On the other hand, the diverse assemblages of hydrothermal Nb minerals in Miaoya and Shaxiongdong are mainly controlled by variations in the nature of the fluids, which is constrained to be genetically related to ~220 and ~420 Ma hydrothermal events, respectively. In summary, both magma evolution (e.g., differentiation, assimilation) and late hydrothermal overprinting are responsible for the diverse Nb mineralogy in carbonatite-alkaline complexes, a situation that is commonly observed worldwide.

Keywords: Pyrochlore group minerals; columbite; diverse Nb mineralization; Miaoya; Shaxiongdong; carbonatite-syenite complexes

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Received: 2022-06-14
Accepted: 2023-04-22
Published Online: 2024-03-11
Published in Print: 2024-03-25

© 2024 by Mineralogical Society of America

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  1. The efects of oxygen fugacity and sulfur on the pressure of vapor-saturation of magma
  2. Vergasovaite to cupromolybdite topotactic transformation with crystal shape preservation
  3. Experimental study on the kinetics of magnesiohornblende dehydration and its implications
  4. Thermal behavior of borax, Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O
  5. The composition of mackinawite
  6. Halogen fractionation during vapor-brine phase separation revealed by in situ Cl, Br, and I analysis of scapolite from the Yixingzhai gold deposit, North China Craton
  7. The effects of oxygen fugacity and sulfur on the pressure of vapor-saturation of magma
  8. A revisit to the phase transition behavior of K-feldspar at high-pressure and high-temperature: Implications on metastable K-feldspar in cold subduction
  9. Equation of state and structural evolution of manganese dolomite (kutnohorite) under high pressures
  10. A possible origin of the lunar spinel-bearing lithologies as told by the meteorite NWA 13191
  11. Vergasovaite to cupromolybdite topotactic transformation with crystal shape preservation
  12. Thermal conductivity of aluminous garnets in Earth’s deep interior
  13. Interaction of seawater with (ultra)mafic alkaline rocks—Alternative process for the formation of aegirine
  14. Experimental study on the kinetics of magnesiohornblende dehydration and its implications
  15. Predicting olivine formation environments using machine learning and implications for magmatic sulfide prospecting
  16. Reaction between volatile-bearing eclogite and harzburgite as a function of degree of interaction: Experimental constraints at 4 GPa
  17. Thermal behavior of borax, Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O
  18. Multiple magmatic processes revealed by distinct clinopyroxene populations in the magma plumbing system: A case study from a Miocene volcano in West Qinling, Central China
  19. Genetic implications, composition, and structure of trioctahedral micas in xenoliths related to Plinian eruptions from the Somma-Vesuvius volcano (Italy)
  20. Magmatic and hydrothermal controls on diverse Nb mineralization associated with carbonatite-alkaline complexes in the southern Qinling orogenic belt, Central China
  21. Potassium isotope fractionation during silicate-carbonatite melt immiscibility and phlogopite fractional crystallization
  22. Yuchuanite-(Y), Y2(CO3)3·H3O, a new hydrous yttrium carbonate mineral from the Yushui Cu deposit, South China
  23. Nature and timing of Sn mineralization in southern Hunan, South China: Constraints from LA-ICP-MS cassiterite U-Pb geochronology and trace element composition
  24. A simple method for obtaining heat capacity coefficients of minerals
  25. Letter
  26. Molybdenum isotopic fractionation in the Panzhihua mafic layered intrusion in the Emeishan large igneous province, southwest China
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2022-8651
Keywords for this article
Pyrochlore group minerals; columbite; diverse Nb mineralization; Miaoya; Shaxiongdong; carbonatite-syenite complexes

Articles in the same Issue

  1. The efects of oxygen fugacity and sulfur on the pressure of vapor-saturation of magma
  2. Vergasovaite to cupromolybdite topotactic transformation with crystal shape preservation
  3. Experimental study on the kinetics of magnesiohornblende dehydration and its implications
  4. Thermal behavior of borax, Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O
  5. The composition of mackinawite
  6. Halogen fractionation during vapor-brine phase separation revealed by in situ Cl, Br, and I analysis of scapolite from the Yixingzhai gold deposit, North China Craton
  7. The effects of oxygen fugacity and sulfur on the pressure of vapor-saturation of magma
  8. A revisit to the phase transition behavior of K-feldspar at high-pressure and high-temperature: Implications on metastable K-feldspar in cold subduction
  9. Equation of state and structural evolution of manganese dolomite (kutnohorite) under high pressures
  10. A possible origin of the lunar spinel-bearing lithologies as told by the meteorite NWA 13191
  11. Vergasovaite to cupromolybdite topotactic transformation with crystal shape preservation
  12. Thermal conductivity of aluminous garnets in Earth’s deep interior
  13. Interaction of seawater with (ultra)mafic alkaline rocks—Alternative process for the formation of aegirine
  14. Experimental study on the kinetics of magnesiohornblende dehydration and its implications
  15. Predicting olivine formation environments using machine learning and implications for magmatic sulfide prospecting
  16. Reaction between volatile-bearing eclogite and harzburgite as a function of degree of interaction: Experimental constraints at 4 GPa
  17. Thermal behavior of borax, Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O
  18. Multiple magmatic processes revealed by distinct clinopyroxene populations in the magma plumbing system: A case study from a Miocene volcano in West Qinling, Central China
  19. Genetic implications, composition, and structure of trioctahedral micas in xenoliths related to Plinian eruptions from the Somma-Vesuvius volcano (Italy)
  20. Magmatic and hydrothermal controls on diverse Nb mineralization associated with carbonatite-alkaline complexes in the southern Qinling orogenic belt, Central China
  21. Potassium isotope fractionation during silicate-carbonatite melt immiscibility and phlogopite fractional crystallization
  22. Yuchuanite-(Y), Y2(CO3)3·H3O, a new hydrous yttrium carbonate mineral from the Yushui Cu deposit, South China
  23. Nature and timing of Sn mineralization in southern Hunan, South China: Constraints from LA-ICP-MS cassiterite U-Pb geochronology and trace element composition
  24. A simple method for obtaining heat capacity coefficients of minerals
  25. Letter
  26. Molybdenum isotopic fractionation in the Panzhihua mafic layered intrusion in the Emeishan large igneous province, southwest China
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