Home Experimental constraints on miscibility gap between apatite and britholite and REE partitioning in an alkaline melt
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Experimental constraints on miscibility gap between apatite and britholite and REE partitioning in an alkaline melt

  • Aleksandr S. Stepanov ORCID logo , Irina A. Zhukova and Shao-Yong Jiang
Published/Copyright: May 31, 2023
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Author Information
American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 108 Issue 6

Abstract

Apatite containing 14 wt% TREO (total rare earth oxide) and coexisting with calciobritholite with 37.2 wt% TREO has been synthesized at 800 °C and 10 kbar from a felsic melt with the addition of NaCl. The analysis of the experimental products with regression analysis of time-resolved (RATR) laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) data allowed to estimate the composition of the coexisting phases. The results suggest that equilibrium has been established during the run and both apatite and calciobritholite contained REE in [Si4+REE3+] to [Ca2+P5+] solid solution, whereas the coupled substitution [Na1+REE3+] to [2Ca2+] was insignificant despite crystallization from an alkaline, Na-rich melt. The coexistence of the apatite and calciobritholite and available experimental data allowed the miscibility gap to be constrained between apatite and calciobritholite, and suggest complete miscibility between apatite and britholite above 950 °C. The melt that produced coexisting apatite and calciobritholite was characterized by a significant Cl content of (0.51 wt%) and elevated REE (526 ± 19 ppm Ce) and low-P content (112 ± 49 ppm). The change of the accessory mineral association from monazite to apatite and calciobritholite with the addition of NaCl illustrates the importance of halogens for mineral associations. The partition coefficients of britholite are similar to those of apatite and are distinguished mainly by a higher preference for REE and Th. Henry’s law was not acting for the total REE content in the melt because of the buffered system; however the partition coeficients could still be used for the prediction of the relative REE patterns for melts that generated high-REE apatite and/or calciobritholite. These results have implications for the interpretation of the phosphate associations in alkaline volcanic and plutonic rocks.

Keywords: Apatite; britholite; calciobritholite; REE; alkaline magma; experimental petrology; LA-ICP-MS; Experimental Halogens in Honor of Jim Webster

‡ Special collection papers can be found online at http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/AmMin/special-collections.html

Funding statement: This study was supported by the grants no. 40030811, 42073058, and 42073036 of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and 100 Talents of Hubei Province Program.

Acknowledgments

Centre for Advanced Microscopy and Frank Brink are thanked for help with SEM and EDS investigation. Terry Mernagh is thanked for help with the collection of Raman spectra. Joerg Hermann and Daniela Rubatto are thanked for providing research facilities. Michael Anenburg and Melanie Lorenz are thanked for constructive reviews and Daniel Harlov for editorial handling.

References cited

Altree-Williams, A., Pring, A., Ngothai, Y., and Brugger, J. (2015) Textural and compositional complexities resulting from coupled dissolution-reprecipitation reactions in geomaterials. Earth-Science Reviews, 150, 628–651, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.08.013Search in Google Scholar

Anenburg, M., Burnham, A.D., and Mavrogenes, J.A. (2018) REE redistribution textures in altered fluorapatite: Symplectites, veins, and phosphate-silicate-carbonate assemblages from the Nolans Bore P-REE-Th Deposit, Northern Territory, Australia. Canadian Mineralogist, 56, 331–354, https://doi.org/10.3749/canmin.1700038Search in Google Scholar

Anenburg, M., Mavrogenes, J.A., Frigo, C., and Wall, F. (2020) Rare earth element mobility in and around carbonatites controlled by sodium, potassium, and silica. Science Advances, 6, eabb6570, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb6570Search in Google Scholar

Belousova, E.A., Griffin, W.L., O’Reilly, S.Y., and Fisher, N.I. (2002) Apatite as an indicator mineral for mineral exploration: Trace-element compositions and their relationship to host rock type. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 76, 45–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(02)00204-2Search in Google Scholar

Betkowski, W.B., Harlov, D.E., and Rakovan, J.F. (2016) Hydrothermal mineral replacement reactions for an apatite-monazite assemblage in alkali-rich fluids at 300–600 °C and 100 MPa. American Mineralogist, 101, 2620–2637, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5765Search in Google Scholar

Borg, S., Liu, W., Pearce, M., Cleverley, J., and MacRae, C. (2014) Complex mineral zoning patterns caused by ultra-local equilibrium at reaction interfaces. Geology, 42, 415–418, https://doi.org/10.1130/G35287.1Search in Google Scholar

Boyer, L., Carpena, J., and Lacout, J.L. (1997) Synthesis of phosphate-silicate apatites at atmospheric pressure. Solid State Ionics, 95, 121–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(96)00571-1Search in Google Scholar

Budzyń, B., Harlov, D.E., Williams, M.L., and Jercinovic, M.J. (2011) Experimental determination of stability relations between monazite, fluorapatite, allanite, and REE-epidote as a function of pressure, temperature, and fluid composition. American Mineralogist, 96, 1547–1567, https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2011.3741Search in Google Scholar

Budzyń, B., Harlov, D.E., Kozub-Budzyń, G.A., and Majka, J. (2017) Experimental constraints on the relative stabilities of the two systems monazite-(Ce)—allanite-(Ce)–fluorapatite and xenotime-(Y)–(Y,HREE)-rich epidote–(Y,HREE)-rich fluorapatite, in high Ca and Na-Ca environments under P-T conditions of 200–1000 MPa and 450–750 °C. Mineralogy and Petrology, 111, 183–217, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-016-0464-0Search in Google Scholar

Bussweiler, Y., Gervasoni, F., Rittner, M., Berndt, J., and Klemme, S. (2020) Trace element mapping of high-pressure, high-temperature experimental samples with laser ablation ICP time-of-flight mass spectrometry—Illuminating melt-rock reactions in the lithospheric mantle. Lithos, 352–353, 105282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2019.105282Search in Google Scholar

Chakhmouradian, A.R., Reguir, E.P., Zaitsev, A.N., Couëslan, C., Xu, C., Kynický, J., Mumin, A.H., and Yang, P. (2017) Apatite in carbonatitic rocks: Compositional variation, zoning, element partitioning and petrogenetic significance. Lithos, 274–275, 188–213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.12.037Search in Google Scholar

Drake, M. J. and Holloway, J.R. (1981) Partitioning of Ni between olivine and silicate melt: The ‘Henry’s Law problem’ reexamined. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45, 431–437, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90251-9Search in Google Scholar

Duc-Tin, Q. and Keppler, H. (2015) Monazite and xenotime solubility in granitic melts and the origin of the lanthanide tetrad effect. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 169, 8, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-014-1100-9Search in Google Scholar

Fleet, M.E. and Pan, Y. (1997) Rare earth elements in apatite: Uptake from H2O-bearing phosphate-fluoride melts and the role of volatile components. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 4745–4760, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00292-5Search in Google Scholar

Fleet, M., Liu, X., and Pan, Y. (2000) Rare-earth elements in chlorapatite [Ca10(PO4)6Cl2]: Uptake, site preference, and degradation of monoclinic structure. American Mineralogist, 85, 1437–1446, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2000-1012Search in Google Scholar

Goldoff, B., Webster, J.D., and Harlov, D.E. (2012) Characterization of fluor-chlorapatites by electron probe microanalysis with a focus on time-dependent intensity variation of halogens. American Mineralogist, 97, 1103–1115, https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2012.3812Search in Google Scholar

Harlov, D.E., Förster, H.-J., and Schmidt, C. (2003) High P-T experimental metasomatism of a fluorapatite with significant britholite and fluorellestadite components: Implications for LREE mobility during granulite-facies metamorphism. Mineralogical Magazine, 67, 61–72, https://doi.org/10.1180/0026461036710084Search in Google Scholar

Janots, E., Brunet, F., Goffé, B., Poinssot, C., Burchard, M., and Cemic, L. (2008) Thermochemical characterization of Ca4La6(SiO4)6(OH)2 a synthetic La- and OH-analogous of britholite: Implication for monazite and LREE apatites stability. Mineralogia, 39, 41–52, https://doi.org/10.2478/v10002-008-0003-7Search in Google Scholar

Jochum, K.P., Weis, U., Stoll, B., Kuzmin, D., Yang, Q., Raczek, I., Jacob, D.E., Stracke, A., Birbaum, K., Frick, D.A., and others. (2011) Determination of reference values for NIST SRM 610–617 glasses following ISO guidelines. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 35, 397–429, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.2011.00120.xSearch in Google Scholar

Khudolozhkin, V., Urusov, V.S., Tobelko, K., and Vernadskiy, V. (1973) Dependence of structural ordering of rare earth atoms in the isomorphous series apatite-britholite (abukumalite) on composition and temperature. Geochemistry International, 10, 1171–1177.Search in Google Scholar

Krenn, E., Harlov, D.E., Finger, F., and Wunder, B. (2012) LREE-redistribution among fluorapatite, monazite, and allanite at high pressures and temperatures. American Mineralogist, 97, 1881–1890, https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2012.4005Search in Google Scholar

Lafuente, B., Downs, R. T., Yang, H., and Stone, N. (2015) 1. The power of databases: The RRUFF project. In 1. The power of databases: The RRUFF project pp. 1–30. In T. Armbruster and R. Micaela Danisi, Eds., Highlights in Mineralogical Crystallography, p. 1–30. De Gruyter.Search in Google Scholar

Lan, X., Gao, J., Li, Y., and Guo, Z. (2021) Phase equilibria of CaO-SiO2-CaF2-P2O5- Ce2O3 system and formation mechanism of britholite. Ceramics International, 47, 11966–11972, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.01.038Search in Google Scholar

Le Maitre, R.W., Streckeisen, A., Zanettin, B., Le Bas, M. J., Bonin, B., and Bateman, P., Eds. (2002) Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms: Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks, 2nd ed., 256 p. Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Li, H. and Hermann, J. (2017) The effect of fluorine and chlorine on trace element partitioning between apatite and sediment melt at subduction zone conditions. Chemical Geology, 473, 55–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.10.016Search in Google Scholar

Liu, Y., Comodi, P., and Sassi, P. (1998) Vibrational spectroscopic investigation of phosphate tetrahedron in fluor-, hydroxy-, and chlorapatites. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie. Abhandlungen, 174, 211–222, https://doi.org/10.1127/njma/174/1998/211Search in Google Scholar

Lorenz, M., Altenberger, U., Trumbull, R.B., Lira, R., López de Luchi, M., Günter, C., and Eidner, S. (2019) Chemical and textural relations of britholite- and apatite-group minerals from hydrothermal REE mineralization at the Rodeo de los Molles deposit, Central Argentina. American Mineralogist, 104, 1840–1850, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2019-6969Search in Google Scholar

Melluso, L., De’ Gennaro, R., Fedele, L., Franciosi, L., and Morra, V. (2012) Evidence of crystallization in residual, Cl–F-rich, agpaitic, trachyphonolitic magmas and primitive Mg-rich basalt–trachyphonolite interaction in the lava domes of the Phlegrean Fields (Italy). Geological Magazine, 149, 532–550, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756811000902Search in Google Scholar

Molle, V., Gaillard, F., Nabyl, Z., Tuduri, J., Di Carlo, I., and Erdmann, S. (2021) Crystallisation sequence of a REE-rich carbonate melt: An experimental approach. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 353 (S2), 217–231, https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.108Search in Google Scholar

Nikolenko, A.M., Redina, A.A., Doroshkevich, A.G., Prokopyev, I.R., Ragozin, A.L., and Vladykin, N.V. (2018) The origin of magnetite-apatite rocks of Mushgai-Khudag Complex, South Mongolia: Mineral chemistry and studies of melt and fluid inclusions. Lithos, 320-321, 567–582, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2018.08.030Search in Google Scholar

O’Sullivan, G., Chew, D., Kenny, G., Henrichs, I., and Mulligan, D. (2020) The trace element composition of apatite and its application to detrital provenance studies. Earth-Science Reviews, 201, 103044, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.103044Search in Google Scholar

Pan, Y. and Fleet, M.E. (2002) Compositions of the apatite-group minerals: Substitution mechanisms and controlling factors. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 48, 13–49, https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2002.48.2Search in Google Scholar

Pekov, I.V., Pasero, M., Yaskovskaya, A.N., Chukanov, N.V., Pushcharovsky, D.Y., Merlino, S., Zubkova, N.V., Kononkova, N.N., Men’shikov, Y.P., and Zadov, A.E. (2007) Fluorcalciobritholite, (Ca,REE)5[(Si,P)O4]3F, a new mineral: Description and crystal chemistry. European Journal of Mineralogy, 19, 95–103, https://doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2007/0019-0095Search in Google Scholar

Penel, G., Leroy, G., Rey, C., Sombret, B., Huvenne, J.P., and Bres, E. (1997) Infrared and Raman microspectrometry study of fluor-fluor-hydroxy and hydroxy-apatite powders. Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine, 8, 271–276, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018504126866Search in Google Scholar

Petrella, L., Williams-Jones, A.E., Goutier, J., and Walsh, J. (2014) The nature and origin of the rare earth element mineralization in the misery syenitic intrusion, Northern Quebec, Canada. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 109, 1643–1666, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.109.6.1643Search in Google Scholar

Prowatke, S. and Klemme, S. (2005) Effect of melt composition on the partitioning of trace elements between titanite and silicate melt. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69, 695–709, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.06.037Search in Google Scholar

Prowatke, S. and Klemme, S. (2006) Trace element partitioning between apatite and silicate melts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 4513–4527, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.162Search in Google Scholar

Ronsbo, J.G. (1989) Coupled substitutions involving REEs and Na and Si in apatites in alkaline rocks from the Ilimaussaq Intrusion, South Greenland, and the petrological implications. American Mineralogist, 74, 896–901.Search in Google Scholar

Rubatto, D. and Hermann, J. (2007) Experimental zircon/melt and zircon/garnet trace element partitioning and implications for the geochronology of crustal rocks. Chemical Geology, 241, 38–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.01.027Search in Google Scholar

Sha, L.-K. and Chappell, B.W. (1999) Apatite chemical composition, determined by electron microprobe and laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, as a probe into granite petrogenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 3861–3881, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00210-0Search in Google Scholar

Stepanov, A.S., Hermann, J., Rubatto, D., and Rapp, R.P. (2012) Experimental study of monazite/melt partitioning with implications for the REE, Th and U geochemistry of crustal rocks. Chemical Geology, 300-301, 200–220, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.01.007Search in Google Scholar

Stepanov, A.S., Danyushevsky, L.V., Large, R.R., Mukherjee, I., and Zhukova, I.A. (2020) Deconvolution of the composition of fine-grained pyrite in sedimentary matrix by regression of time-resolved LA-ICP-MS data. American Mineralogist, 105, 820–832, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7202Search in Google Scholar

Stepanov, A.S., Large, R.R., Kiseeva, E.S., Danyushevsky, L.V., Goemann, K., Meffre, S., Zhukova, I., and Belousov, I.A. (2021) Phase relations of arsenian pyrite and arsenopyrite. Ore Geology Reviews, 136, 104285, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104285Search in Google Scholar

Stock, M.J., Humphreys, M.C.S., Smith, V.C., Johnson, R.D., and Pyle, D.M. (2015) New constraints on electron-beam induced halogen migration in apatite. American Mineralogist, 100, 281–293, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2015-4949Search in Google Scholar

Stormer, J.C., Pierson, M.L., and Tacker, R.C. (1993) Variation of F and Cl X-ray intensity due to anisotropic diffusion in apatite during electron microprobe analysis. American Mineralogist, 78, 641–648.Search in Google Scholar

Terra, O., Audubert, F., Dacheux, N., Guy, C., and Podor, R. (2006) Synthesis and characterization of thorium-bearing britholites. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 354, 49–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.02.094Search in Google Scholar

Van Lichtervelde, M., Goncalves, P., Eglinger, A., Colin, A., Montel, J.-M., and Dacheux, N. (2021) Solubility of monazite-cheralite and xenotime in granitic melts, and experimental evidence of liquid-liquid immiscibility in concentrating REE. Journal of Petrology, 62, egab020, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egab020Search in Google Scholar

Veksler, I.V., Dorfman, A.M., Dulski, P., Kamenetsky, V.S., Danyushevsky, L.V., Jeffries, T., and Dingwell, D.B. (2012) Partitioning of elements between silicate melt and immiscible fluoride, chloride, carbonate, phosphate and sulfate melts, with implications to the origin of natrocarbonatite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 79, 20–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.11.035Search in Google Scholar

Watson, E.B. (2004) A conceptual model for near-surface kinetic controls on the trace-element and stable isotope composition of abiogenic calcite crystals1. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 1473–1488, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2003.10.003Search in Google Scholar

Watson, E.B. and Capobianco, C.J. (1981) Phosphorus and the rare earth elements in felsic magmas: An assessment of the role of apatite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45, 2349–2358, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90088-0Search in Google Scholar

Watson, E.B. and Green, T.H. (1981) Apatite/liquid partition coefficients for the rare earth elements and strontium. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 56, 405–421, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(81)90144-8Search in Google Scholar

Webster, J.D. and De Vivo, B. (2002) Experimental and modeled solubilities of chlorine in aluminosilicate melts, consequences of magma evolution, and implications for exsolution of hydrous chloride melt at Mt. Somma-Vesuvius. American Mineralogist, 87, 1046–1061, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2002-8-902Search in Google Scholar

Yudovich, Ya.E., Ketris, M.P., and Rybina, N.V. (2022) The apatite-deceiver as an unique indicator parent rocks and ores, as well as petro-, litho- and ore genesis. Uralian Geological Journal, 1 (145), 3–88.Search in Google Scholar

Zhukova, I.A., Stepanov, A.S., Jiang, S.-Y., Murphy, D., Mavrogenes, J., Allen, C., Chen, W., and Bottrill, R. (2021) Complex REE systematics of carbonatites and weathering products from uniquely rich Mount Weld REE deposit, Western Australia. Ore Geology Reviews, 139, 104539, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104539Search in Google Scholar

Zirner, A.L.K., Marks, M.A.W., Wenzel, T., Jacob, D.E., and Markl, G. (2015) Rare earth elements in apatite as a monitor of magmatic and metasomatic processes: The Ilímaussaq complex, South Greenland. Lithos, 228–229, 12–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.04.013Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2022-03-22
Accepted: 2022-07-26
Published Online: 2023-05-31
Published in Print: 2023-06-27

© 2023 by Mineralogical Society of America

Articles in the same Issue

  1. A shallow salt pond analog for aqueous alteration on ancient Mars: Spectroscopy, mineralogy, and geochemistry of sediments from Antarctica’s Dry Valleys
  2. Incorporation of chlorine in nuclear waste glasses using high-pressure vitrification: Solubility, speciation, and local environment of chlorine
  3. Experimental constraints on miscibility gap between apatite and britholite and REE partitioning in an alkaline melt
  4. Thermal expansion of minerals in the tourmaline supergroup
  5. Viscosity of Earth’s inner core constrained by Fe–Ni interdiffusion in Fe–Si alloy in an internal-resistive-heated diamond anvil cell
  6. The distribution of carbonate in apatite: The environment model
  7. Low-temperature crystallography and vibrational properties of rozenite (FeSO4·4H2O), a candidate mineral component of the polyhydrated sulfate deposits on Mars
  8. Hydrothermal fluid signatures of the Yulong porphyry Cu-Mo deposit: Clues from the composition and U-Pb dating of W-bearing rutile
  9. Magnetic contributions to corundum-eskolaite and corundum-hematite phase equilibria: A DFT cluster expansion study
  10. Microchemistry and magnesium isotope composition of the Purang ophiolitic chromitites (SW Tibet): New genetic inferences
  11. Pyrite geochemistry in a porphyry-skarn Cu (Au) system and implications for ore formation and prospecting: Perspective from Xinqiao deposit, Eastern China
  12. UV/Vis single-crystal spectroscopic investigation of almandine-pyrope and almandinespessartine solid solutions: Part I. Spin-forbidden Fe2+,3+ and Mn2+ electronic-transition energies, crystal chemistry, and bonding behavior
  13. Single-crystal UV/Vis optical absorption spectra of almandine-bearing and spessartine garnet: Part II. An analysis of the spin-forbidden bands of Fe2+, Mn2+, and Fe3+
  14. Single-crystal UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy of aluminosilicate garnet: Part III. {Fe2+} + [Fe3+] → {Fe3+} + [Fe2+] intervalence charge transfer
  15. A novel method for experiments in a one-atmosphere box furnace
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2022-8535
Keywords for this article
Apatite; britholite; calciobritholite; REE; alkaline magma; experimental petrology; LA-ICP-MS; Experimental Halogens in Honor of Jim Webster

Articles in the same Issue

  1. A shallow salt pond analog for aqueous alteration on ancient Mars: Spectroscopy, mineralogy, and geochemistry of sediments from Antarctica’s Dry Valleys
  2. Incorporation of chlorine in nuclear waste glasses using high-pressure vitrification: Solubility, speciation, and local environment of chlorine
  3. Experimental constraints on miscibility gap between apatite and britholite and REE partitioning in an alkaline melt
  4. Thermal expansion of minerals in the tourmaline supergroup
  5. Viscosity of Earth’s inner core constrained by Fe–Ni interdiffusion in Fe–Si alloy in an internal-resistive-heated diamond anvil cell
  6. The distribution of carbonate in apatite: The environment model
  7. Low-temperature crystallography and vibrational properties of rozenite (FeSO4·4H2O), a candidate mineral component of the polyhydrated sulfate deposits on Mars
  8. Hydrothermal fluid signatures of the Yulong porphyry Cu-Mo deposit: Clues from the composition and U-Pb dating of W-bearing rutile
  9. Magnetic contributions to corundum-eskolaite and corundum-hematite phase equilibria: A DFT cluster expansion study
  10. Microchemistry and magnesium isotope composition of the Purang ophiolitic chromitites (SW Tibet): New genetic inferences
  11. Pyrite geochemistry in a porphyry-skarn Cu (Au) system and implications for ore formation and prospecting: Perspective from Xinqiao deposit, Eastern China
  12. UV/Vis single-crystal spectroscopic investigation of almandine-pyrope and almandinespessartine solid solutions: Part I. Spin-forbidden Fe2+,3+ and Mn2+ electronic-transition energies, crystal chemistry, and bonding behavior
  13. Single-crystal UV/Vis optical absorption spectra of almandine-bearing and spessartine garnet: Part II. An analysis of the spin-forbidden bands of Fe2+, Mn2+, and Fe3+
  14. Single-crystal UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy of aluminosilicate garnet: Part III. {Fe2+} + [Fe3+] → {Fe3+} + [Fe2+] intervalence charge transfer
  15. A novel method for experiments in a one-atmosphere box furnace
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 10.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.2138/am-2022-8535/html
Scroll to top button