Home Vacancy infilling during the crystallization of Fe-deficient hematite: An in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of non-classical crystal growth
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Vacancy infilling during the crystallization of Fe-deficient hematite: An in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of non-classical crystal growth

  • Si Athena Chen ORCID logo , Peter J. Heaney , Jeffrey E. Post , Peter J. Eng and Joanne E. Stubbs
Published/Copyright: August 31, 2023
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Author Information
American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 108 Issue 9

Abstract

The crystallization of hematite from precursor ferrihydrite was studied using time-resolved, angle-dispersive synchrotron X-ray difraction in aqueous solutions at pH 10 and 11 and at temperatures ranging from 80 to 170 °C. Rietveld analyses revealed a non-classical crystallization pathway involving vacancy infilling by Fe as defective hematite nanocrystals evolved. At 90 °C and pH 11, incipient hematite particles exhibited an Fe site occupancy as low as 0.68(2), and after 30 min, Fe occupancy plateaued at 0.84(1), achieving a metastable steady state with a composition corresponding to “hydrohematite.” During crystal growth, unit-cell volume increased with an increase in Fe occupancy. The increase in Fe occupancy in hydrohematite was accomplished by deprotonation, resulting in a shortening of the long Fe-O(H) bonds and decreased distortion of the octahedral sites. Once the occupancy stabilized, the unit-cell volume contracted following further nanoparticle growth. Our study documented various synthetic routes to the formation of “hydrohematite” with an Fe vacancy of 10–20 mol% in the final product.

The structure refined for synthetic hydrohematite at 90 °C and pH 11 closely matched that of natural hydrohematite from Salisbury, Connecticut, with a refined Fe occupancy of 0.83(2). Dry heating this natural hydrohematite generated anhydrous, stoichiometric hematite, again by continuous infilling of vacancies. The transformation initiated at 150 °C and was complete at 700 °C, and it was accompanied by the formation of a minor amorphous phase that served as a reservoir for Fe during the inoculation of the defective crystalline phase.

Keywords: Hematite; 2-line ferrihydrite; crystal growth; time-resolved X-ray diffraction; kinetics

Funding statement: Funding for this research was provided by National Science Foundation Grant EAR-1552211 and EAR-1925903, the Pennsylvania State University Biogeochemistry dual-title Ph.D. program, and the Hiroshi and Koya Ohmoto Graduate Fellowship of Pennsylvania State University Geosciences Department. Synchrotron XRD was performed at GSECARS (University of Chicago) Beamline 13-BM-C at the APS. GSECARS is supported by NSF EAR-1634415 and DOE GeoSciences DE-FG02-94ER14466. A.P.S. is operated under DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.

Acknowledgments

We thank Nancy Lazarz at GSECARS BM-13 for her invaluable assistance in arranging for data collection at the beamline. We thank three anonymous reviewers and the associate editor who handled this paper for their helpful suggestions and comments.

References Cited

Angst, U.M., Geiker, M.R., Michel, A., Gehlen, C., Wong, H., Isgor, O.B., Elsener, B., Hansson, C.M., François, R., Hornbostel, K., and others. (2017) The steel-concrete interface. Materials and Structures, 50, 143, https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1010-1.Search in Google Scholar

Bagheri, S., Chandrappa, K.G., and Hamid, S.B.A. (2013) Generation of Hematite Nanoparticles via Sol-Gel Method. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 3, 62–68.Search in Google Scholar

Barrón, V. and Torrent, J. (2013) Iron, manganese and aluminium oxides and oxyhydroxides. In F. Nieto, K.J.T. Livi, and R. Oberti, Eds., Minerals at the Nanoscale, p. 297–336. Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland.Search in Google Scholar

Barrón, V., Torrent, J., and de Grave, E. (2003) Hydromaghemite, an intermediate in the hydrothermal transformation of 2-line ferrihydrite into hematite. American Mineralogist, 88, 1679–1688, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2003-11-1207.Search in Google Scholar

Blake, R.L., Hessevic, K.R.E., Zoltai, T., and Finger, L.W. (1966) Refinement of the hematite structure. American Mineralogist, 51, 123–129.Search in Google Scholar

Breithaupt, J.F.A. (1847) Vollständiges handbuch der mineralogie, vol. 3, Arnoldische Buchhandlung, Arnoldische Buchhandlung.Search in Google Scholar

Burgina, E.B., Kustova, G.N., Tsybulya, S.V., Kryukova, G.N., Litvak, G.S., Isupova, L.A., and Sadykov, V.A. (2000) Structure of the metastable modification of iron(III) oxide. Journal of Structural Chemistry, 41, 396–402, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02741997.Search in Google Scholar

Cao, L., Jiang, Z.-X., Du, Y.-H., Yin, X.-M., Xi, S.-B., Wen, W., Roberts, A.P., Wee, A.T.S., Xiong, Y.-M., Liu, Q.-S., and others. (2017) Origin of magnetism in hydrothermally aged 2-line ferrihydrite suspensions. Environmental Science & Technology, 51, 2643–2651, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04716.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, S.A. (2021) The formation of iron (hydr)oxides in surface environments: A crystallographic and kinetic study. Ph.D. thesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, S.A., Heaney, P.J., Post, J.E., Fischer, T.B., Eng, P.J., and Stubbs, J.E. (2021) Superhydrous hematite and goethite: A potential water reservoir in the red dust of Mars? Geology, 49, 1343–1347, https://doi.org/10.1130/G48929.1.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, S.A., Heaney, P.J., Post, J.E., Eng, P.J., and Stubbs, J.E. (2022) Hematitegoethite ratios at pH 2–13 and 70–170 °C: A time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction study. Chemical Geology, 606, 120995, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.120995.Search in Google Scholar

Claudio, C., Iorio, E.D., Liu, Q., Jiang, Z., and Barrón, V. (2017) Iron oxide nanoparticles in soils: Environmental and agronomic importance. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 17, 4449–4460, https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2017.14197.Search in Google Scholar

Colombo, C., Palumbo, G., He, J.Z., Pinton, R., and Cesco, S. (2014) Review on iron availability in soil: Interaction of Fe minerals, plants, and microbes. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 14, 538–548, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-013-0814-z.Search in Google Scholar

Cornell, R.M. and Schwertmann, U. (2003) The Iron Oxides: structure, properties, reactions, occurrences, and uses (Vol. 664). Wiley.Search in Google Scholar

Das, S., Hendry, M.J., and Essilfie-Dughan, J. (2011) Transformation of two-line ferrihydrite to goethite and hematite as a function of pH and temperature. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(1), 268–275.Search in Google Scholar

Diehm, P.M., Ágoston, P., and Albe, K. (2012) Size-dependent lattice expansion in nanoparticles: reality or anomaly? ChemPhysChem, 13(10), 2443–2454.Search in Google Scholar

Fischer, W.R. and Schwertmann, U. (1975) The formation of hematite from amorphous iron(III)hydroxide. Clays and Clay Minerals, 23, 33–37, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1975.0230105.Search in Google Scholar

Fischer, T.B., Heaney, P.J., and Post, J.E. (2018) Changes in the structure of birnessite during siderophore-promoted dissolution: A time-resolved synchrotron X‑ray diffraction study. Chemical Geology, 476, 46–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.11.003.Search in Google Scholar

Gates-Rector, S. and Blanton, T. (2019) The Powder Diffraction File: A quality materials characterization database. Powder Diffraction, 34, 352–360, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0885715619000812.Search in Google Scholar

Gualtieri, A.F. and Venturelli, P. (1999) In situ study of the goethite-hematite phase transformation by real time synchrotron powder diffraction. American Mineralogist, 84, 895–904, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1999-5-624.Search in Google Scholar

Guo, S.Q., Hu, Z.Z., Zhen, M.M., Gu, B.C., Shen, B.X., and Dong, F. (2020) Insights for optimum cation defects in photocatalysis: A case study of hematite nanostructures. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 264, 118506, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.118506.Search in Google Scholar

Haavik, C., Stølen, S., Fjellvåg, H., Hanfland, M., and Häusermann, D. (2000) Equation of state of magnetite and its high-pressure modification: Thermodynamics of the Fe-O system at high pressure. American Mineralogist, 85, 514–523, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2000-0413.Search in Google Scholar

Hahn, B.P., Long, J.W., Mansour, A.N., Pettigrew, K.A., Osofsky, M.S., and Rolison, D.R. (2011) Electrochemical Li-ion storage in defect spinel iron oxides: The critical role of cation vacancies. Energy & Environmental Science, 4, 1495–1502, https://doi.org/10.1039/c0ee00819b.Search in Google Scholar

Heaney, P.J., Oxman, M.J., and Chen, S.A. (2020) A structural study of size-dependent lattice variation: In situ X-ray diffraction of the growth of goethite nanoparticles from 2-line ferrihydrite. American Mineralogist, 105, 652–663, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7217.Search in Google Scholar

Hermann R. (1844) Untersuchungen russischer Mineralien. Journal für Praktische Chemie, 33, 87–98.Search in Google Scholar

Hill, A.H., Jiao, F., Bruce, P.G., Harrison, A., Kockelmann, W., and Ritter, C. (2008) Neutron diffraction study of mesoporous and bulk hematite, α-Fe2O3. Chemistry of Materials, 20, 4891–4899, https://doi.org/10.1021/cm800009s.Search in Google Scholar

Hu, Z., Shen, Z., and Yu, J.C. (2016) Covalent fixation of surface oxygen atoms on hematite photoanode for enhanced water oxidation. Chemistry of Materials, 28, 564–572, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b04058.Search in Google Scholar

Hyland, E.G., Sheldon, N.D., Van der Voo, R., Badgley, C., and Abrajevitch, A. (2015) A new paleoprecipitation proxy based on soil magnetic properties: Implications for expanding paleoclimate reconstructions. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 127, 975–981, https://doi.org/10.1130/B31207.1.Search in Google Scholar

Ji, J., Chen, J., Balsam, W., Lu, H., Sun, Y., and Xu, H. (2004) High resolution hematite/goethite records from Chinese loess sequences for the last glacial-interglacial cycle: Rapid climatic response of the East Asian Monsoon to the tropical Pacific. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L03207, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018975.Search in Google Scholar

Jiang, Z., Liu, Q., Roberts, A.P., Dekkers, M.J., Barrón, V., Torrent, J., and Li, S. (2022) The magnetic and color reflectance properties of hematite: From Earth to Mars. Reviews of Geophysics, 60, e2020RG000698.Search in Google Scholar

Karthika, S., Radhakrishnan, T.K., and Kalaichelvi, P. (2016) A review of classical and non-classical nucleation theories. Crystal Growth & Design, 16, 6663–6681, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.6b00794.Search in Google Scholar

Kim, C.Y. (2020) Atomic structure of hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanocube surface; synchrotron X-ray diffraction study. Nano-Structures and Nano-Objects, 23, 100497, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2020.100497.Search in Google Scholar

Kustova, G.N., Burgina, E.B., Sadykov, V.A., and Poryvaev, S.G. (1992) Vibrational spectroscopic investigation of the goethite thermal decomposition products. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 18, 379–382, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00199419.Search in Google Scholar

Lagroix, F., Banerjee, S.K., and Jackson, M.J. (2016) Geological occurrences and relevance of iron oxides. In D. Faivre, Ed., Iron Oxides: From Nature to Applications, 7–29. Wiley-VCH.Search in Google Scholar

Larson, A.C. and Von Dreele, R.B. (2000) General Structure Analysis System, LAUR 86-748 p. Los Alamos National Laboratory.Search in Google Scholar

Leek, D.S. (1991) The passivity of steel in concrete. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 24, 55–66, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1991.024.01.05.Search in Google Scholar

Liu, H., Chen, T., Zou, X., Qing, C., and Frost, R.L. (2013) Thermal treatment of natural goethite: Thermal transformation and physical properties. Thermochimica Acta, 568, 115–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2013.06.027.Search in Google Scholar

Løvlie, R., Torsvik, T., Jelenska, M., and Levandowski, M. (1984) Evidence for detrital remanent magnetization carried by hematite in Devonian red beds from Spitsbergen: Palaeomagnetic implications. Geophysical Journal International, 79, 573–588, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1984.tb02242.x.Search in Google Scholar

Lu, H.M. and Meng, X.K. (2010) Neel temperature of hematite nanocrystals. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 114, 21291–21295, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp108703b.Search in Google Scholar

Lu, X., Zeng, Y., Yu, M., Zhai, T., Liang, C., Xie, S., Balogun, M.S., and Tong, Y. (2014) Oxygen-deficient hematite nanorods as high-performance and novel negative electrodes for flexible asymmetric supercapacitors. Advanced Materials, 26, 3148–3155, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201305851.Search in Google Scholar

McBriarty, M.E., Kerisit, S., Bylaska, E.J., Shaw, S., Morris, K., and Ilton, E.S. (2018) Iron vacancies accommodate uranyl incorporation into hematite. Environmental Science & Technology, 52, 6282–6290, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b00297.Search in Google Scholar

Paterson, E. (1999) The iron oxides. Structure, properties, reactions, occurrences and uses. Clay Minerals, 34, 209–210.Search in Google Scholar

Perebeinos, V., Chan, S.W., and Zhang, F. (2002) ‘Madelung model’ prediction for dependence of lattice parameter on nanocrystal size. Solid State Communications, 123(6-7), 295–297.Search in Google Scholar

Peterson, K.M., Heaney, P.J., Post, J.E., and Eng, P.J. (2015) A refined monoclinic structure for a variety of “hydrohematite”. American Mineralogist, 100, 570–579, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2015-4807.Search in Google Scholar

Peterson, K.M., Heaney, P.J., and Post, J.E. (2016) A kinetic analysis of the transformation from akaganeite to hematite: An in situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction study. Chemical Geology, 444, 27–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.09.017.Search in Google Scholar

Peterson, K.M., Heaney, P.J., and Post, J.E. (2018) Evolution in the structure of akaganeite and hematite during hydrothermal growth: An in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis. Powder Diffraction, 33, 287–297, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0885715618000623.Search in Google Scholar

Post, J.E. and Bish, D.L. (1989) Rietveld refinement of crystal structures using powder X-ray diffraction data. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 20, 277–308.Search in Google Scholar

Prescher, C. and Prakapenka, V.B. (2015) DIOPTAS: A program for reduction of two-dimensional X-ray diffraction data and data exploration. High Pressure Research, 35, 223–230, https://doi.org/10.1080/08957959.2015.1059835.Search in Google Scholar

Scherrer, P. (1918) Bestimmung der Grosse und inneren Struktur von Kolloidteilchen mittels Rontgenstrahlen. Nach Ges Wiss Gottingen, 2, 8–100.Search in Google Scholar

Schwertmann, U. and Murad, E. (1983) Effect of pH on the formation of goethite and hematite from ferrihydrite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 31, 277–284, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1983.0310405.Search in Google Scholar

Soltis, J.A. and Penn, R.L. (2016) Oriented attachment and non-classical formation in iron oxides. In D. Faivre, Ed., Iron Oxides: From Nature to Applications, 243–268. Wiley-VCH.Search in Google Scholar

Soltis, J.A., Feinberg, J.M., Gilbert, B., and Penn, R.L. (2016) Phase transformation and particle-mediated growth in the formation of hematite from 2-line ferrihydrite. Crystal Growth & Design, 16, 922–932, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5b01471.Search in Google Scholar

Szaniawski, R., Ludwiniak, M., and Rubinkiewicz, J. (2012) Minor counterclockwise rotation of the Tatra Mountains (Central Western Carpathians) as derived from paleomagnetic results achieved in hematite-bearing Lower Triassic sandstones. Tectonophysics, 560–561, 51–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.06.027.Search in Google Scholar

Thompson, P., Cox, D.E., and Hastings, J.B. (1987) Rietveld refinement of Debye–Scherrer synchrotron X-ray data from Al2O3. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 20, 79–83, https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889887087090.Search in Google Scholar

Toby, B.H. and Von Dreele, R.B. (2013) GSAS-II: The genesis of a modern open-source all purpose crystallography software package. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 46, 544–549, https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889813003531.Search in Google Scholar

Walker, T.R., Larson, E.E., and Hoblitt, R.P. (1981) Nature and origin of hematite in the Moenkopi Formation (Triassic), Colorado Plateau: A contribution to the origin of magnetism in red beds. Journal of Geophysical Research, 86 (B1), 317–333, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB01p00317.Search in Google Scholar

Walter, D. (2006) Characterization of synthetic hydrous hematite pigments. Thermochimica Acta, 445, 195–199, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2005.08.011.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, S., Gao, B., Zimmerman, A.R., Li, Y., Ma, L., Harris, W.G., and Migliaccio, K.W. (2015) Removal of arsenic by magnetic biochar prepared from pinewood and natural hematite. Bioresource Technology, 175, 391–395, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.104.Search in Google Scholar

Waychunas, G.A., Kim, C. S., and Banfield, J.F. (2005) Nanoparticulate iron oxide minerals in soils and sediments: Unique properties and contaminant scavenging mechanisms. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 7, 409–433, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-005-6931-x.Search in Google Scholar

Wolska, E. (1981) The structure of hydrohematite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 154, 69–76, https://doi.org/10.1524/zkri.1981.154.14.69.Search in Google Scholar

Wolska, E. (1988) Relations between the existence of hydroxyl ions in the anionic sublattice of hematite and its infrared and X-ray characteristics. Solid State Ionics, 28–30, 1349–1351, https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(88)90385-2.Search in Google Scholar

Wolska, E. and Schwertmann, U. (1989) Nonstoichiometric structures during dehydroxylation of goethite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 189, 223–237, https://doi.org/10.1524/zkri.1989.189.3-4.223.Search in Google Scholar

Yang, T.Y., Kang, H.Y., Sim, U., Lee, Y.J., Lee, J.H., Koo, B., Nam, K.T., and Joo, Y.C. (2013) A new hematite photoanode doping strategy for solar water splitting: Oxygen vacancy generation. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 15, 2117–2124, https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cp44352j.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2021-11-05
Accepted: 2022-10-18
Published Online: 2023-08-31
Published in Print: 2023-09-26

© 2023 by Mineralogical Society of America

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Fluorine-rich mafic lower crust in the southern Rocky Mountains: The role of pre-enrichment in generating fluorine-rich silicic magmas and porphyry Mo deposits
  2. Apatite in brachinites: Insights into thermal history and halogen evolution
  3. A high-pressure structural transition of norsethite-type BaFe(CO3)2: Comparison with BaMg(CO3)2 and BaMn(CO3)2
  4. An evolutionary system of mineralogy, Part VII: The evolution of the igneous minerals (>2500 Ma)
  5. Oriented secondary magnetite micro-inclusions in plagioclase from oceanic gabbro
  6. A multi-methodological study of the bastnäsite-synchysite polysomatic series: Tips and tricks of polysome identification and the origin of syntactic intergrowths
  7. Petrogenesis of Chang’E-5 mare basalts: Clues from the trace elements in plagioclase
  8. Experimental investigation of trace element partitioning between amphibole and alkali basaltic melt: Toward a more general partitioning model with implications for amphibole fractionation at deep crustal levels
  9. Grain-scale zircon Hf isotope heterogeneity inherited from sediment-metasomatized mantle: Geochemical and Nd-Hf-Pb-O isotopic constraints on Early Cretaceous intrusions in central Lhasa Terrane, Tibetan Plateau
  10. Mechanism and kinetics of the pseudomorphic replacement of anhydrite by calcium phosphate phases at hydrothermal conditions
  11. Vacancy infilling during the crystallization of Fe-deficient hematite: An in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of non-classical crystal growth
  12. Simulated diagenesis of the iron-silica precipitates in banded iron formations
  13. Wave vector and field vector orientation dependence of Fe K pre-edge X-ray absorption features in clinopyroxenes
  14. Structure and compressibility of Fe-bearing Al-phase D
  15. Synthesis of boehmite-type GaOOH: A new polymorph of Ga oxyhydroxide and geochemical implications
  16. Scheelite U-Pb geochronology and trace element geochemistry fingerprint W mineralization in the giant Zhuxi W deposit, South China
  17. A rare sekaninaite occurrence in the Nenana Coal Basin, Alaska Range, Alaska
  18. Slyudyankaite, Na28Ca4(Si24Al24O96)(SO4)6(S6)1/3(CO2)·2H2O, a new sodalite-group mineral from the Malo-Bystrinskoe lazurite deposit, Baikal Lake area, Russia
  19. Ruizhongite, (Ag2□)Pb3Ge2S8, a thiogermanate mineral from the Wusihe Pb-Zn deposit, Sichuan Province, Southwest China
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2022-8379
Keywords for this article
Hematite; 2-line ferrihydrite; crystal growth; time-resolved X-ray diffraction; kinetics

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Fluorine-rich mafic lower crust in the southern Rocky Mountains: The role of pre-enrichment in generating fluorine-rich silicic magmas and porphyry Mo deposits
  2. Apatite in brachinites: Insights into thermal history and halogen evolution
  3. A high-pressure structural transition of norsethite-type BaFe(CO3)2: Comparison with BaMg(CO3)2 and BaMn(CO3)2
  4. An evolutionary system of mineralogy, Part VII: The evolution of the igneous minerals (>2500 Ma)
  5. Oriented secondary magnetite micro-inclusions in plagioclase from oceanic gabbro
  6. A multi-methodological study of the bastnäsite-synchysite polysomatic series: Tips and tricks of polysome identification and the origin of syntactic intergrowths
  7. Petrogenesis of Chang’E-5 mare basalts: Clues from the trace elements in plagioclase
  8. Experimental investigation of trace element partitioning between amphibole and alkali basaltic melt: Toward a more general partitioning model with implications for amphibole fractionation at deep crustal levels
  9. Grain-scale zircon Hf isotope heterogeneity inherited from sediment-metasomatized mantle: Geochemical and Nd-Hf-Pb-O isotopic constraints on Early Cretaceous intrusions in central Lhasa Terrane, Tibetan Plateau
  10. Mechanism and kinetics of the pseudomorphic replacement of anhydrite by calcium phosphate phases at hydrothermal conditions
  11. Vacancy infilling during the crystallization of Fe-deficient hematite: An in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of non-classical crystal growth
  12. Simulated diagenesis of the iron-silica precipitates in banded iron formations
  13. Wave vector and field vector orientation dependence of Fe K pre-edge X-ray absorption features in clinopyroxenes
  14. Structure and compressibility of Fe-bearing Al-phase D
  15. Synthesis of boehmite-type GaOOH: A new polymorph of Ga oxyhydroxide and geochemical implications
  16. Scheelite U-Pb geochronology and trace element geochemistry fingerprint W mineralization in the giant Zhuxi W deposit, South China
  17. A rare sekaninaite occurrence in the Nenana Coal Basin, Alaska Range, Alaska
  18. Slyudyankaite, Na28Ca4(Si24Al24O96)(SO4)6(S6)1/3(CO2)·2H2O, a new sodalite-group mineral from the Malo-Bystrinskoe lazurite deposit, Baikal Lake area, Russia
  19. Ruizhongite, (Ag2□)Pb3Ge2S8, a thiogermanate mineral from the Wusihe Pb-Zn deposit, Sichuan Province, Southwest China
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 18.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.2138/am-2022-8379/html
Scroll to top button