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Reduction of structural Fe(III) in nontronite by humic substances in the absence and presence of Shewanella putrefaciens and accompanying secondary mineralization

  • Hongyan Zuo , Liuqin Huang , Rosalie K. Chu , Nikola Tolic , Nancy Washton , Zihua Zhu , Richard E. Edelmann , Samar Elagamy , Andre Sommer , Fubo Luan , Qiang Zeng , Yu Chen , Dafu Hu , Di Zhan , Jinglong Hu and Hailiang Dong
Published/Copyright: November 24, 2021
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Abstract

Studies have shown the electron shuttling role of humic substances (HS) in enhancing microbial reduction of solid-phase Fe(III), but it is unknown if native HS can reduce structural Fe(III) in clays and how their chemical properties afect this process and secondary mineralization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of natural HS, Leonardite humic acid (LHA), and Pahokee Peat humic acid (PPHA) in reducing structural Fe(III) in nontronite with or without Shewanella putrefaciens. The extent of Fe(III) reduction was determined with a wet chemical method. Electrochemical methods, spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry were used to determine the changes of HS electrochemical and molecular composition after bioreduction. X‑ray difraction and electron microscopy were used to observe mineralogical transformations. The results showed that natural HS not only served as an electron donor to abiotically reduce Fe(III) in nontronite but also served as an electron shuttle to enhance Fe(III) bioreduction by S. putrefaciens. In the presence of CN32 cells, both the rate and extent of Fe(III) reduction significantly increased. Between the two HS, PPHA was more efective. The final bioreduction extents were 12.2 and 17.8% with LHA and PPHA, respectively, in bicarbonate bufer. Interestingly, when CN32 cells were present, LHA and PPHA donated more electrons to NAu-2, suggesting that CN32 cells were able to make additional electrons of LHA and PPHA available to reduce structural Fe(III). Although LHA reduced less Fe(III), it induced more extensive mineral transformation. In contrast, PPHA reduced more Fe(III) but did not induce any mineralogical change. These contrasting behaviors between the two humic acids are ascribed to their diferences in electron-donating capacity, reactive functional group distribution, and metal complexation capacity. A unique set of secondary minerals, including talc, illite, silica, albite, ilmenite, and ferrihydrite formed as a result of reduction. The results highlight the importance of coupled C and Fe biogeochemical transformations and have implications for nutrient cycling and contaminant migration in the environment.

Acknowledgments and Funding

We are grateful to one anonymous reviewer and Javier Cuadros for their constructive comments, which improved the quality of the manuscript. This research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (EAR-1656988). A portion of the research was performed at Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (grid. 436923.9), through User Proposal 49851, a DOE Office of Science User Facility sponsored by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research located at PNNL.

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Received: 2020-09-26
Accepted: 2020-12-29
Published Online: 2021-11-24
Published in Print: 2021-12-20

© 2021 Mineralogical Society of America

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  13. Thalliomelane, TlMn4+7.5 Cu2+0.5 O16, a new member of the coronadite group from the preglacial oxidation zone at Zalas, southern Poland
  14. New Mineral Names: Diamonds, Dumps, and Fumaroles
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