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An evolutionary system of mineralogy, Part V: Aqueous and thermal alteration of planetesimals (~4565 to 4550 Ma)

  • Robert M. Hazen ORCID logo and Shaunna M. Morrison ORCID logo
Published/Copyright: September 4, 2021
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Abstract

Part V of the evolutionary system of mineralogy explores phases produced by aqueous alteration, metasomatism, and/or thermal metamorphism—relicts of ancient processes that affected virtually all asteroids and that are preserved in the secondary mineralogy of meteorites. We catalog 166 historical natural kinds of minerals that formed by alteration in the parent bodies of chondritic and non-chondritic meteorites within the first 20 Ma of the solar system. Secondary processes saw a dramatic increase in the chemical and structural diversity of minerals. These phases incorporate 41 different mineral-forming elements, including the earliest known appearances of species with essential Co, Ge, As, Nb, Ag, Sn, Te, Au, Hg, Pb, and Bi. Among the varied secondary meteorite minerals are the earliest known examples of halides, arsenides, tellurides, sulfates, carbonates, hydroxides, and a wide range of phyllosilicates.

Funding statement: Studies of mineral evolution and mineral ecology have been supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the W.M. Keck Foundation, the John Templeton Foundation, the NASA Astrobiology Institute ENIGMA team, a private foundation, and the Carnegie Institution for Science. Any opinions, findings, or recommendations expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Acknowledgments

We are especially grateful to Alexander Krot and Michael Zolensky, who contributed invaluable, detailed, nuanced, and constructive reviews. Their deep expertise is reflected on every page of this contribution. We also thank Associate Editor Steven Simon, who shared his extensive knowledge of meteorite mineralogy as he shepherded Parts III, IV, and V of this series. Luca Bindi, Chi Ma, and Alan Rubin provided access to important work in press. We thank Asmaa Boujibar, Adrian Brearley, Peter Buseck, Carol Cleland, Robert T. Downs, Olivier Gagné, Edward Grew, Rhian Jones, Sergey Krivovichev, Chi Ma, Glenn MacPherson, Timothy McCoy, Anirudh Prabhu, Alan Rubin, Michael Walter, and Shuang Zhang for thoughtful discussions and comments.

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Received: 2020-08-18
Accepted: 2020-10-30
Published Online: 2021-09-04
Published in Print: 2021-09-27

© 2021 Mineralogical Society of America

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