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Limited channelized fluid infiltration in the Torres del Paine contact aureole

  • Guillaume Siron ORCID logo , Robert Bodner , Lukas Baumgartner ORCID logo , Benita Putlitz and Torsten Vennemann
Published/Copyright: September 4, 2021
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 106 Issue 9

Abstract

The metamorphic rocks from the Torres del Paine contact aureole (Patagonia, Chile) show field, petrographic, and geochemical evidence for small amounts of igneous fluid infiltration due to the solidification of the granite complex. Hydrogen isotope ratios (D/H) in the contact aureole first decrease while approaching the intrusion and subsequently increase toward the granite contact. Initial decrease with metamorphic grade is due to preferential loss of the 2H isotopes due to Rayleigh fractionation during prograde dehydration reactions. The infiltration of high-δD fluids from the intrusion increases δD within the last 150 m. In contrast, (18O/16O) ratios show no systematic changes, indicating that neither oxygen loss by Rayleigh fractionation nor oxygen exchange by fluid infiltration was significant enough to dominate original variations seen in the oxygen isotope ratio of the protolith. Calculated volume of fluid using the position of the hydrogen isotope exchange front gives a relatively low time-integrated fluid flux of about 4 m3/m2 at the contact for the igneous fluid. These small amounts of fluid flux are in agreement with whole rock oxygen isotope data that are not affected in the contact aureole. Chlorine content of metamorphic biotite crystals, in contrast to oxygen isotopes, supports infiltration of igneous fluids. Indeed, relatively high-Cl concentrations in biotite were measured in some samples close to the intrusion (up to 0.2 wt%), while chlorine concentrations in biotite are constant everywhere else in the entire contact aureole, having low concentrations (0.01–0.06 wt%). The absence of a well-marked Rayleigh fractionation trend in Cl concentrations with increasing metamorphism is surprising since chlorine strongly fractionates into the fluid. This is best explained by slow diffusive exchange of chlorine in biotite in the cooler outer aureole. Hence recrystallization of biotite would be required to modify its Cl composition. Biotite grains from samples close to the intrusion with high-Cl content also have lower Ti content (0.4 pfu) than biotite (0.5 pfu) from other samples containing biotite with lower Cl content located at the same distance from the contact. Since Ti content in biotite is a function of temperature, this is a good indication that magmatic fluid infiltration started post peak, early during cooling of the metamorphic rocks. Episodes of fluid flow appear to have been nearly continuous during cooling as evidenced by numerous retrogression textures, such as secondary muscovite (above 470 °C) or chlorite + muscovite intergrowth after cordierite or biotite (slightly below 470 °C). This might be related to crystallization of subsequent batches of granites or the onset of minor fluid convection during cooling of the aureole. Nevertheless, only minor secondary muscovite has been found, and fresh cordierite is present throughout the aureole confirming small amounts of fluid infiltration.

The time-integrated fluid flux computed from the hydrogen isotope exchange front is two orders of magnitude lower than values computed for metacarbonate in many other contact aureoles, suggesting low permeabilities of pelitic rocks. In conclusion, Cl contents and hydrogen isotope compositions of hydrous minerals provide a sensitive tool to identify small fluid-rock interaction events, much more sensitive than oxygen isotope compositions of the whole rock or minerals.

Keywords: Hydrogen isotopes; oxygen isotopes; Cl content; fluid flow; Rayleigh fractionation; Torres del Paine; fluid-ro interaction ck

Acknowledgments and Funding

We thank Darrell Henry and Simon Harley for extensive comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. Funding was provided for this project to L.P. Baumgartner by SNF grants 200021_153094 and 200020_140974 and the KIP 6, PCI CASA, grant are gratefully acknowledged.

  1. Appendix

    All pseudosections were computed using the 2002 version of the Holland and Powell (1998) thermodynamic database (hp02ver in Perple_X). Activity-composition models used for each mineral for thermodynamic modelling are as follows:

    1. Biotite: Bio(TCC), Tajčmanová et al. (2009)

    2. White mica: Mica(SGH), Smye et al. (2011)

    3. Plagioclase: Pl(h), Newton et al. (1980)

    4. Orthoclase: San, Waldbaum and Thompson (1968)

    5. Chloritoid: Ctd(SGH), Smye et al. (2011)

    6. Cordierite: hCrd, White et al. (2005)

    7. Chlorite: Chl(SGH), Smye et al. (2011)

    8. Staurolite: St(HP), Powell and Holland (1999)

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Received: 2020-05-18
Accepted: 2020-10-21
Published Online: 2021-09-04
Published in Print: 2021-09-27

© 2021 Mineralogical Society of America

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  8. Two-stage magmatism and tungsten mineralization in the Nanling Range, South China: Evidence from the Jurassic Helukou deposit
  9. Constraints on scheelite genesis at the Dabaoshan stratabound polymetallic deposit, South China
  10. Crystal chemistry of schreibersite, (Fe,Ni)3P
  11. Letter
  12. Elastic geobarometry: How to work with residual inclusion strains and pressures
  13. Controls on tetrahedral Fe(III) abundance in 2:1 phyllosilicates—Discussion
  14. Controls on tetrahedral Fe(III) abundance in 2:1 phyllosilicates—Reply
  15. New Mineral Names*
  16. Book Review
  17. Book Review: Geochronology and Thermochronology
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2021-7622
Keywords for this article
Hydrogen isotopes; oxygen isotopes; Cl content; fluid flow; Rayleigh fractionation; Torres del Paine; fluid-ro interaction ck

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Stable and transient isotopic trends in the crustal evolution of Zealandia Cordillera
  2. An evolutionary system of mineralogy, Part V: Aqueous and thermal alteration of planetesimals (~4565 to 4550 Ma)
  3. Cr2O3 in corundum: Ultrahigh contents under reducing conditions
  4. Plagioclase population dynamics and zoning in response to changes in temperature and pressure
  5. Limited channelized fluid infiltration in the Torres del Paine contact aureole
  6. Quantitative determination of the shock stage of L6 ordinary chondrites using X-ray diffraction
  7. A new method to rapidly and accurately assess the mechanical properties of geologically relevant materials
  8. Two-stage magmatism and tungsten mineralization in the Nanling Range, South China: Evidence from the Jurassic Helukou deposit
  9. Constraints on scheelite genesis at the Dabaoshan stratabound polymetallic deposit, South China
  10. Crystal chemistry of schreibersite, (Fe,Ni)3P
  11. Letter
  12. Elastic geobarometry: How to work with residual inclusion strains and pressures
  13. Controls on tetrahedral Fe(III) abundance in 2:1 phyllosilicates—Discussion
  14. Controls on tetrahedral Fe(III) abundance in 2:1 phyllosilicates—Reply
  15. New Mineral Names*
  16. Book Review
  17. Book Review: Geochronology and Thermochronology
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