Precise determination of the effect of temperature on the density of solid and liquid iron, nickel, and tin
-
Asaka Kamiya
and
Tadashi Kondo
Abstract
Density and thermal expansion coeficient of metals are fundamental characteristics to describe the equation of state. Especially for liquid metals, the reported data for density and thermal expansion coeficient vary in the literature, even at ambient pressure. To determine the density of solid and liquid metals precisely at high temperatures and ambient pressure, we have developed a high-temperature furnace. The densities of solid Sn, Ni, and Fe were determined from the sample image with an uncertainty of 0.11–0.7% in the temperature range of 285–1803 K with increments of 1–10 K. The density of solid Sn decreased linearly with increasing temperature up to 493 K, and then the decrease became drastic until the melting temperature (Tm) was reached. By contrast, for solid Ni and Fe, the densities decreased linearly with increasing temperature up to the Tm (1728 and 1813 K) without any drastic density drop near Tm. This suggests that Ni and Fe do not exhibit the “premelting effect.”
The density of liquid Fe was determined with an uncertainty of 0.4–0.7% in the range of 1818–1998 K with temperature increments of 5 K. The obtained thermal expansion coefficient (α) of liquid Fe was well approximated as either a constant value of α = 2.42(1) × 10–4 K–1 or a linear function of temperature (T); α = 1.37(10) × 10–3 – [6.0(6) × 10–7]T [K–1] up to at least 2000 K.
Funding statement: This work was partly supported by Grants-in-aid for scientific research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, and Science and Technology (MEXT) (15H05828, 26247089, and 20H02008).
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge H. Ando (Nagano Co., Ltd.) for his technical supports and production of the furnace and also thank T. Komabayashi, T. Sakaiya, and T. Taniguchi for fruitful discussion. The authors thank two anonymous reviewers for insightful comments on an earlier version of this manuscript.
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