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Targeting mixtures of jarosite and clay minerals for Mars exploration

  • Nancy W. Hinman ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Janice L. Bishop , Virginia C. Gulick , J. Michelle Kotler Dettmann , Paige Morkner , Genesis Berlanga ORCID logo , Ruth M. Henneberger , Peter Bergquist , Charles Doc Richardson , Malcolm R. Walter , Lindsay A. MacKenzie , Roberto P. Anitori and Jill R. Scott
Published/Copyright: August 4, 2021
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 106 Issue 8

Abstract

Terrestrial thermal environments can serve as analogs for subsurface environments in the search for life because they regularly host microbial communities, which may leave behind biosignatures. This study focused on an acid-sulfate hydrothermal site as an analog for a potentially habitable environment on Mars. A weathered boulder in the thermal area was dissected, revealing an interior marked with disconnected horizons of differently colored materials, very low pH, and increasing temperature. The mineralogy comprised weathering products from andesite (kaolinite, quartz, clinoptilolite) along with sulfate salts (alunite, jarosite, tschermigite, and copiapite) formed by oxidation of sulfide and ferrous iron. Characterization of organic matter in this boulder and several soil samples yielded interesting but surprising results. Both mass spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy identified organic compounds in portions of the soils and the boulder. Jarosite-associated samples showed more numerous and diverse organic signatures than did Al-bearing silicate samples, despite the lower total organic carbon content of the jarosite-associated soils (0.69 ± 0.07 wt% Corg) compared to the Al-bearing samples (1.28 ± 0.13 wt% Corg). Results from our geochemical, mineralogical, and spectroscopic study of hydrothermal alteration products and salts inform the heterogeneous distribution of inorganic and organic materials that could delineate habitats and demonstrate the limits on organic matter detectability using different analytical techniques. Furthermore, we relate our measurements and results directly to current and upcoming martian missions, and we provide recommendations for detection and characterization of minerals and organics as biosignatures on Mars using instruments on future missions.

Keywords: Mars; surface; astrobiology; exobiology; spectroscopy; Earth Analogs for Martian Geological Materials and Processes

‡ Present address: European Space Agency ECSAT, Fermi Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot, U.K.

§ Present address: ORISE Fellow, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Albany, Oregon, U.S.A.

|| Present address: Blue Marble Space Institute of Science at NASA Ames, U. S.A.

¶ Present address: Kantonsschule Im Lee, Winterthur, Switzerland.

** Present address: NewFields, Helena, Montana, U.S.A.

†† Present address: Eastern Washington State University, Cheney, Washington, U.S.A.

‡‡ Present address: Biology Department, Clark College, Vancouver, Washington, U. S.A.

§§ Special collection papers can be found online at http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/AmMin/special-collections.html.

Acknowledgments and Funding

R.M.H. was funded by Macquarie University (Postgraduate Research Fund and an International Travel Scholarship). N.W.H., J.R.S., C.D.R., and J.M.K. were funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Exobiology Program (Grant No. NNX08AP59G). N.W.H., V.C.G., and J.L.B. received funding from the NASA Astrobiology Institute (Grant No. NNX15BB01A, N. Cabrol, PI). J.L.B. also received support from the NASA MDAP program (Grant No. NSSC19K1230). P.M. was a NASA Intern at NASA ARC, funded by the California Space Grant under the mentorship of V.C.G. G.B. was a NASA Graduate Student Intern at NASA ARC, funded by the USRA under the mentorship of V.C.G. V.C.G., P.M., and G.B. thank Job Bello (Spectra Solutions, Inc.) for the dual excitation probe EIC Raman Instrument. N.W.H. thanks Gretchen Grimes for assistance. Research was performed at the Idaho National Laboratory under DOE Idaho Operations Office Contract DE-AC07-05ID14517. Research in Yellowstone National Park was conducted under research permit YELL-SCI-1660.

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Received: 2019-12-23
Accepted: 2020-10-03
Published Online: 2021-08-04
Published in Print: 2021-08-26

© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  2. Crustal melting: Deep, hot, and salty
  3. MSA Presidential Address
  4. Petrogenetic and tectonic interpretation of strongly peraluminous granitic rocks and their significance in the archean rock record
  5. Partial melting and P-T evolution of eclogite-facies metapelitic migmatites from the Egere terrane (Central Hoggar, South Algeria)
  6. High-pressure, halogen-bearing melt preserved in ultrahigh-temperature felsic granulites of the Central Maine Terrane, Connecticut (U.S.A.)
  7. Targeting mixtures of jarosite and clay minerals for Mars exploration
  8. Zirconolite from Larvik Plutonic Complex, Norway, its relationship to stefanweissite and nöggerathite, and contribution to the improvement of zirconolite end-member systematics
  9. Nanomineralogy of hydrothermal magnetite from Acropolis, South Australia: Genetic implications for iron-oxide copper gold mineralization
  10. Effect of magnesium on monohydrocalcite formation and unit-cell parameters
  11. Formation pathway of norsethite dominated by solution chemistry under ambient conditions
  12. A model for the kinetics of high-temperature reactions between polydisperse volcanic ash and SO2 gas
  13. Redox control and measurement in low-temperature (<450 °C) hydrothermal experiments
  14. Heat capacity and thermodynamic functions of partially dehydrated sodium and zinc zeolite A (LTA)
  15. P-V-T measurements of Fe3C to 117 GPa and 2100 K: Implications for stability of Fe3C phase at core conditions
  16. New Mineral Names
  17. Erratum
  18. Book Review
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2021-7415
Keywords for this article
Mars; surface; astrobiology; exobiology; spectroscopy; Earth Analogs for Martian Geological Materials and Processes

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  2. Crustal melting: Deep, hot, and salty
  3. MSA Presidential Address
  4. Petrogenetic and tectonic interpretation of strongly peraluminous granitic rocks and their significance in the archean rock record
  5. Partial melting and P-T evolution of eclogite-facies metapelitic migmatites from the Egere terrane (Central Hoggar, South Algeria)
  6. High-pressure, halogen-bearing melt preserved in ultrahigh-temperature felsic granulites of the Central Maine Terrane, Connecticut (U.S.A.)
  7. Targeting mixtures of jarosite and clay minerals for Mars exploration
  8. Zirconolite from Larvik Plutonic Complex, Norway, its relationship to stefanweissite and nöggerathite, and contribution to the improvement of zirconolite end-member systematics
  9. Nanomineralogy of hydrothermal magnetite from Acropolis, South Australia: Genetic implications for iron-oxide copper gold mineralization
  10. Effect of magnesium on monohydrocalcite formation and unit-cell parameters
  11. Formation pathway of norsethite dominated by solution chemistry under ambient conditions
  12. A model for the kinetics of high-temperature reactions between polydisperse volcanic ash and SO2 gas
  13. Redox control and measurement in low-temperature (<450 °C) hydrothermal experiments
  14. Heat capacity and thermodynamic functions of partially dehydrated sodium and zinc zeolite A (LTA)
  15. P-V-T measurements of Fe3C to 117 GPa and 2100 K: Implications for stability of Fe3C phase at core conditions
  16. New Mineral Names
  17. Erratum
  18. Book Review
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