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Layer stacking disorder in Mg-Fe chlorites based on powder X-ray diffraction data

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Published/Copyright: March 1, 2020
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 105 Issue 3

Abstract

The primary aim of this study was the accurate determination of unit-cell parameters and description of disorder in chlorites with semi-random stacking using common X‑ray diffraction (XRD) data for bulk powder samples. In the case of ordered chlorite structures, comprehensive crystallographic information can be obtained based on powder XRD data. Problems arise for samples with semi-random stacking, where due to strong broadening of hkl peaks with k ≠ 3n, the determination of unit-cell parameters is demanding. In this study a complete set of information about the stacking sequences in chlorite structures was determined based on XRD pattern simulation, which included determining a fraction of layers shifted by ±1/3b, interstratification with different polytypes and 2:1 layer rotations.

A carefully selected series of pure Mg-Fe tri-trioctahedral chlorites with iron content in the range from 0.1 to 3.9 atoms per half formula unit cell was used in the study. In addition, powder XRD patterns were carefully investigated for the broadening of the odd-number basal reflections to determine interstratification of 14 and 7 Å layers. These type of interstratifications were finally not found in any of the samples. This result was also confirmed by the XRD pattern simulations, assuming interstratification with R0 ordering.

Based on h0l XRD reflections, all the studied chlorites were found to be the IIbb polytype with a monoclinic-shaped unit cell (β ≈ 97°). For three samples, the hkl reflections with k ≠ 3n were partially resolvable; therefore, a conventional indexing procedure was applied. Two of the chlorites were found to have a monoclinic cell (with α, γ = 90°). Nevertheless, among all the samples, the more general triclinic (pseudomonoclinic) crystal system with symmetry C1 was assumed, to calculate unit-cell parameters using Le Bail fitting.

A detailed study of semi-random stacking sequences shows that simple consideration of the proportion of IIb-2 and IIb-4/6 polytypes, assuming equal content of IIb-4 and IIb-6, is not sufficient to fully model the stacking structure in chlorites. Several, more general, possible models were therefore considered. In the first approach, a parameter describing a shift into one of the ±1/3b directions (thus, the proportion of IIb-4 and IIb-6 polytypes) was refined. In the second approach, for samples with slightly distinguishable hkl reflections with k ≠ 3n, some kind of segregation of individual polytypes (IIb-2/4/6) was considered. In the third approach, a model with rotations of 2:1 layers about 0°, 120°, 240° was shown to have the lowest number of parameters to be optimized and therefore give the most reliable fits. In all of the studied samples, interstratification of different polytypes was revealed with the fraction of polytypes being different than IIbb ranging from 5 to 19%, as confirmed by fitting of h0l XRD reflections.

Keywords: Chlorites; polytype interstratification; stacking disorder; powder X‑ray diffraction

Acknowledgments and funding

We are grateful to Artur Błachowski for Mössbauer measurements. M.Lempart was partly funded by the National Science Centre Poland under research project no. 2017/27/N/ST10/02544.

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Received: 2019-01-30
Accepted: 2019-11-16
Published Online: 2020-03-01
Published in Print: 2020-03-26

© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-6982
Keywords for this article
Chlorites; polytype interstratification; stacking disorder; powder X‑ray diffraction

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Heavy halogen geochemistry of martian shergottite meteorites and implications for the halogen composition of the depleted shergottite mantle source
  2. The distribution and abundance of halogens in eclogites: An in situ SIMS perspective of the Raspas Complex (Ecuador)
  3. Pressure dependence of Si diffusion in γ-Fe
  4. Seismic detectability of carbonates in the deep Earth: A nuclear inelastic scattering study
  5. Equations of state, phase relations, and oxygen fugacity of the Ru-RuO2 buffer at high pressures and temperatures
  6. Experimental determination of the phase relations of Pt and Pd antimonides and bismuthinides in the Fe-Ni-Cu sulfide systems between 1100 and 700 °C
  7. Layer stacking disorder in Mg-Fe chlorites based on powder X-ray diffraction data
  8. Elasticity of single-crystal Fe-enriched diopside at high-pressure conditions: Implications for the origin of upper mantle low-velocity zones
  9. XANES spectroscopy of sulfides stable under reducing conditions
  10. Zircon and apatite geochemical constraints on the formation of the Huojihe porphyry Mo deposit in the Lesser Xing’an Range, NE China
  11. Textural and compositional evolution of iron oxides at Mina Justa (Peru): Implications for mushketovite and formation of IOCG deposits
  12. Siwaqaite, Ca6Al2(CrO4)3(OH)12·26H2O, a new mineral of the ettringite group from the pyrometamorphic Daba-Siwaqa complex, Jordan
  13. Negevite, the pyrite-type NiP2, a new terrestrial phosphide
  14. Transjordanite, Ni2P, a new terrestrial and meteoritic phosphide, and natural solid solutions barringerite-transjordanite (hexagonal Fe2P–Ni2P)
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