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Enrichment of manganese to spessartine saturation in granite-pegmatite systems

  • James L. Maner IV EMAIL logo , David London and Jonathan P. Icenhower
Published/Copyright: November 2, 2019
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 104 Issue 11

Abstract

The enrichment of manganese in peraluminous (S-type) granitic melts beginning with the anatexis of metapelitic rock and ending with the crystallization of highly evolved pegmatites is explained using experimentally derived mineral-melt partition coefficients and solubility data for Mn-rich garnet. Mineral-melt partition coefficients for Fe, Mg, and Mn between garnet, cordierite, tourmaline, and peraluminous, B-bearing hydrous granitic melt were measured between 650 and 850 °C at 200 MPaH2O. The compositions of garnet and tourmaline synthesized in these experiments are similar to those found in nature. Garnets evolve from Sps51Alm23Prp25 to Sps81Alm15Prp4 with decreasing temperature. The Mn content of cordierite increases with decreasing temperature. The composition of tourmaline does not vary with temperature. Partition coefficients, DMα/L, and exchange coefficients, KDα/L=DMα/L/DNα/Lwhere α is a mineral, L is liquid (melt), and M and N are different elements, are presented for mineral-glass pairs. Partition coefficients for Mg, Fe, and Mn increase with decreasing temperature for garnet, tourmaline, and cordierite. The precipitation of garnet alone results in a progressive increase of MgO/FeO and a decrease of MnO/FeO in the melt. Crystallization of cordierite and tourmaline results in a decrease of MgO/FeO and an increase of MnO/FeO in melt. Tourmaline is most efficient at concentrating Mn in residual liquids. The trend toward increasing Mn/Fe in natural garnets in granites and pegmatites is not controlled by garnet itself, but instead by the crystallization of other mafic minerals in which Mg and Fe are more compatible than is Mn.

A Rayleigh fractionation model constitutes a test of the partition coefficients reported in this manuscript. The starting composition for the model is that of a liquid (melt inclusions) from an anatectic S-type source. Normative modes of cordierite and biotite are calculated from that composition and are similar to modes of these minerals in natural occurrences. The model consists of crystallization of a cordierite-biotite granite from 850 to 650 °C. The model predicts that ~95% crystallization of the starting composition is required to reach saturation in spessartine-rich garnet at near-solidus temperatures. The model, therefore, is consistent with the occurrence of spessartine as restricted to highly fractionated granite-pegmatite systems at the end stages of magmatism.

Keywords: Fractional crystallization; manganese; partition coefficients; tourmaline; garnet; cordierite

Acknowledgments

We thank George B. Morgan VI for leading the first author through the development of electron microbeam methods, useful discussions on the design, documentation, interpretation of experiments, and for editorial revisions on several drafts of the manuscript. Thanks go to Calvin Miller, Victoria Maneta, and two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful and constructive reviews and to Associate Editor Don Baker for handling of the manuscript.

  1. Funding

    This study was funded in part by NSF grants EAR-0946322 and EAR-1623110 to D.L. The electron microprobe laboratory at OU was created by DOE grant DE-FG22-87FE1146, with upgrades from NSF EAR-8720498, EAR-9404658, EAR-0649001, and EAR-1401940, and continuing support from the Vice President of Research at OU.

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Received: 2018-12-21
Accepted: 2019-07-27
Published Online: 2019-11-02
Published in Print: 2019-11-26

© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2019-6938
Keywords for this article
Fractional crystallization; manganese; partition coefficients; tourmaline; garnet; cordierite

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Crossroads in Earth and Planetary Materials
  2. Computer modeling of apparently straight bond angles: The intriguing case of all-silica ferrierite
  3. Composite materials based on zeolite stilbite from Faroe Islands for the removal of fluoride from drinking water
  4. The Italian Solfatara as an analog for Mars fumarolic alteration
  5. Change of crackling noise in granite by thermal damage: Monitoring nuclear waste deposits
  6. Constraining the timing and character of crustal melting in the Adirondack Mountains using multi-scale compositional mapping and in-situ monazite geochronology
  7. Melting in the Fe-FeO system to 204 GPa: Implications for oxygen in Earth’s core
  8. Controls on tetrahedral Fe(III) abundance in 2:1 phyllosilicates
  9. Stability, composition, and crystal structure of Fe-bearing Phase E in the transition zone
  10. Enrichment of manganese to spessartine saturation in granite-pegmatite systems
  11. Al and Si diffusion in rutile
  12. Sound velocity of neon at high pressures and temperatures by Brillouin scattering
  13. A Cr3+ luminescence study of natural topaz Al2SiO4(F,OH)2 up to 60 GPa
  14. Two generations of exsolution lamellae in pyroxene from Asuka 09545: Clues to the thermal evolution of silicates in mesosiderite
  15. Crystallographic and fluid compositional effects on the halogen (Cl, F, Br, I) incorporation in pyromorphite-group minerals
  16. Diffusion of F and Cl in dry rhyodacitic melt
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