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The Italian Solfatara as an analog for Mars fumarolic alteration

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Published/Copyright: November 2, 2019
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 104 Issue 11

Abstract

The first definitive evidence for continental vents on Mars is the in situ detection of amorphous silicarich outcrops by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit. These outcrops have been tentatively interpreted as the result of either acid sulfate leaching in fumarolic environments or direct precipitation from hot springs. Such environments represent prime targets for upcoming astrobiology missions but remain difficult to identify with certainty, especially from orbit. To contribute to the identification of fumaroles and hot spring deposits on Mars, we surveyed their characteristics at the analog site of the Solfatara volcanic crater in central Italy. Several techniques of mineral identification (VNIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, XRD) were used both in the field and in the laboratory on selected samples. The faulted crater walls showed evidence of acid leaching and alteration into the advanced argillic-alunitic facies, with colorful deposits containing alunite, jarosite, and/or hematite. Sublimates containing various Al and Fe hydroxyl-sulfates were observed around the active fumarole vents at 90 °C. One vent at 160 °C was characterized by different sublimates enriched in As and Hb sulfide species. Amorphous silica and alunite assemblages that are diagnostic of silicic alteration were also observed at the Fangaia mud pots inside the crater. A wide range of minerals was identified at the 665 m diameter Solfatara crater that is diagnostic of acid-steam heated alteration of a trachytic, porous bedrock. Importantly, this mineral diversity was captured at each site investigated with at least one of the techniques used, which lends confidence for the recognition of similar environments with the next-generation Mars rovers.

Keywords: Mars analog; hydrothermalism; vents; fumaroles; alteration patterns; Solfatara; VNIR spectroscopy; Raman spectroscopy; XRD; Special Collection; Earth Analogs for Martian geological materials and processes

Orcid 0000-0002-1448-7919

Orcid 0000-0002-0866-8086

† Special collection papers can be found online at http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/AmMin/special-collections.html

Acknowledgments

The authors are very grateful to Giorgio Angarano, the Solfatara general manager for his strong support and help using and visiting each site of the crater. The authors also thank the Lyon Raport team (G. Montagnac, R. Caracas, H. Cardon) for their help and instrument loan—the Raman facility in Lyon is supported by the Institut national des sciences de l’univers (CNRS). The authors thank the CDHL at Université Lyon 1, and, in particular, Ruben Vera for his help with XRD. The authors are also grateful to the e-Mars Lyon team, especially Cathy Quantin-Nataf, and Patrick Thollot, for fruitful discussions.

  1. Funding

    CTX and CRISM images of Mars were processed using the MarsSI web application (https://emars.univ-lyon1.fr/MarsSI) Fieldwork was funded by a N.W.O. VENI grant to J. Flahaut. J. Flahaut was funded by two CNES ExoMars/LIS APR for sample analyses and by a Lorraine Université d’Excellence Future Leader grant at the time of writing/for publication fees. D. Loizeau received support from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC Grant agreement no. 280168. Support from the NASA Astrobiology Institute and NASA’s SSW program to J. Bishop is appreciated. This is CRPG contribution no. 2688.

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Received: 2018-11-17
Accepted: 2019-07-02
Published Online: 2019-11-02
Published in Print: 2019-11-26

© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Crossroads in Earth and Planetary Materials
  2. Computer modeling of apparently straight bond angles: The intriguing case of all-silica ferrierite
  3. Composite materials based on zeolite stilbite from Faroe Islands for the removal of fluoride from drinking water
  4. The Italian Solfatara as an analog for Mars fumarolic alteration
  5. Change of crackling noise in granite by thermal damage: Monitoring nuclear waste deposits
  6. Constraining the timing and character of crustal melting in the Adirondack Mountains using multi-scale compositional mapping and in-situ monazite geochronology
  7. Melting in the Fe-FeO system to 204 GPa: Implications for oxygen in Earth’s core
  8. Controls on tetrahedral Fe(III) abundance in 2:1 phyllosilicates
  9. Stability, composition, and crystal structure of Fe-bearing Phase E in the transition zone
  10. Enrichment of manganese to spessartine saturation in granite-pegmatite systems
  11. Al and Si diffusion in rutile
  12. Sound velocity of neon at high pressures and temperatures by Brillouin scattering
  13. A Cr3+ luminescence study of natural topaz Al2SiO4(F,OH)2 up to 60 GPa
  14. Two generations of exsolution lamellae in pyroxene from Asuka 09545: Clues to the thermal evolution of silicates in mesosiderite
  15. Crystallographic and fluid compositional effects on the halogen (Cl, F, Br, I) incorporation in pyromorphite-group minerals
  16. Diffusion of F and Cl in dry rhyodacitic melt
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2019-6899
Keywords for this article
Mars analog; hydrothermalism; vents; fumaroles; alteration patterns; Solfatara; VNIR spectroscopy; Raman spectroscopy; XRD; Special Collection; Earth Analogs for Martian geological materials and processes

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Crossroads in Earth and Planetary Materials
  2. Computer modeling of apparently straight bond angles: The intriguing case of all-silica ferrierite
  3. Composite materials based on zeolite stilbite from Faroe Islands for the removal of fluoride from drinking water
  4. The Italian Solfatara as an analog for Mars fumarolic alteration
  5. Change of crackling noise in granite by thermal damage: Monitoring nuclear waste deposits
  6. Constraining the timing and character of crustal melting in the Adirondack Mountains using multi-scale compositional mapping and in-situ monazite geochronology
  7. Melting in the Fe-FeO system to 204 GPa: Implications for oxygen in Earth’s core
  8. Controls on tetrahedral Fe(III) abundance in 2:1 phyllosilicates
  9. Stability, composition, and crystal structure of Fe-bearing Phase E in the transition zone
  10. Enrichment of manganese to spessartine saturation in granite-pegmatite systems
  11. Al and Si diffusion in rutile
  12. Sound velocity of neon at high pressures and temperatures by Brillouin scattering
  13. A Cr3+ luminescence study of natural topaz Al2SiO4(F,OH)2 up to 60 GPa
  14. Two generations of exsolution lamellae in pyroxene from Asuka 09545: Clues to the thermal evolution of silicates in mesosiderite
  15. Crystallographic and fluid compositional effects on the halogen (Cl, F, Br, I) incorporation in pyromorphite-group minerals
  16. Diffusion of F and Cl in dry rhyodacitic melt
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