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Refractive indices of minerals and synthetic compounds

  • Ruth C. Shannon , Barbara Lafuente , Robert D. Shannon , Robert T. Downs and Reinhard X. Fischer EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: September 5, 2017
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 102 Issue 9

Abstract

This is a comprehensive compilation of refractive indices of 1933 minerals and 1019 synthetic compounds including exact chemical compositions and references taken from 30 compilations and many mineral and synthetic oxide descriptions. It represents a subset of about 4000 entries used by Shannon and Fischer (2016) to determine the polarizabilities of 270 cations and anions after removing 425 minerals and compounds containing the lone-pair ions (Tl+, Sn2+, Pb2+, As3+, Sb3+, Bi3+, S4+, Se4+, Te4+, Cl5+, Br5+, I5+) and uranyl ions, U6+. The table lists the empirical composition of the mineral or synthetic compound, the ideal composition of the mineral, the mineral name or synthetic compound, the Dana classes and subclasses extended to include beryllates, aluminates, gallates, germanates, niobates, tantalates, molybdates, tungstates, etc., descriptive notes, e.g., structure polytypes and other information that helps define a particular mineral sample, and the locality of a mineral when known. Finally, we list nx, ny, nz, <nDobs> (all determined at 589.3 nm), <nDcalc>, deviation of observed and calculated mean refractive indices, molar volume Vm, corresponding to the volume of one formula unit, anion molar volume Van, calculated from Vm divided by the number of anions (O2−, F−, Cl−, OH−) and H2O in the formula unit, the total polarizability <αAE>, and finally the reference to the refractive indices for all 2946 entries. The total polarizability of a mineral, <αAE>, is a useful property that reflects its composition, crystal structure, and chemistry and was calculated using the Anderson-Eggleton relationship

αAE=(nD2−1)Vm4π+(4π3−c)(nD2−1)

where c = 2.26 is the electron overlap factor. The empirical polarizabilities and therefore, the combination of refractive indices, compositions, and molar volumes of the minerals and synthetic oxides in the table were verified by a comparison of observed and calculated total polarizabilities, <αAE> derived from individual polarizabilities of cations and anions. The deviation between observed and calculated refractive indices is <2% in most instances.

Keywords: Refractive index; electronic polarizabilities; optical properties; minerals; synthetic compounds; refractive-index calculation; Anderson-Eggleton relationship

Acknowledgments

We thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for financial support under grant FI442/21-1,2 and B.L. and R.T.D. acknowledge funding from NASA NNX11AP82A, Mars Science Laboratory Investigations. We gratefully acknowledge Gabriele Ebert for providing hundreds of reprints of mineral literature, Frank Hawthorne for advice on minerals and mineralogy, especially amphibole mineralogy and mineral classification, Elena Sokolova for advice on Russian minerals, Ed Grew and Tony Kampf for published and unpublished refractive indices, and Manfred Burianek for providing crystals for optical studies. One of us, R.D.S. gratefully acknowledges the Humboldt Foundation for a Research grant in 1994, which led to this study. We thank Milan Rieder for his careful check and corrections of some of the chemical compositions in the supplementary table.

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Received: 2017-3-20
Accepted: 2017-5-4
Published Online: 2017-9-5
Published in Print: 2017-9-26

© 2017 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  2. Looking for “missing” nitrogen in the deep Earth
  3. Actinides in Geology, Energy, and the Environment
  4. Crystal structure of richetite revisited: Crystallographic evidence for the presence of pentavalent uranium
  5. Actinides in Geology, Energy, and the Environment
  6. Mobilization and agglomeration of uraninite nanoparticles: A nano-mineralogical study of samples from the Matoush Uranium ore deposit
  7. Actinides in Geology, Energy, and the Environment
  8. Radiation damage in sulfides: Radioactive galena from burning heaps, after coal mining in the Lower Silesian basin (Czech Republic)
  9. Special Collection: Mechanisms, Rates, and Timescales of Geochemical Transport Processes in the Crust and Mantle
  10. Element mobility during regional metamorphism in crustal and subduction zone environments with a focus on the rare earth elements (REE)
  11. Special Collection: Water in Nominally Hydrous and Anhydrous Minerals
  12. Subsolidus hydrogen partitioning between nominally anhydrous minerals in garnet-bearing peridotite
  13. Special Collection: Water in Nominally Hydrous and Anhydrous Minerals
  14. OH defects in quartz as monitor for igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary processes
  16. Quantitative electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data analyses using the dictionary indexing (DI) approach: Overcoming indexing difficulties on geological materials
  18. Trace element inventory of meteoritic Ca-phosphates
  20. Insights into solar nebula formation of pyrrhotite from nanoscale disequilibrium phases produced by H2S sulfidation of Fe metal
  22. Unraveling the presence of multiple plagioclase populations and identification of representative two-dimensional sections using a statistical and numerical approach
  24. Refractive indices of minerals and synthetic compounds
  26. Can we use pyroxene weathering textures to interpret aqueous alteration conditions? Yes and No
  28. Phase relations and formation of K-bearing Al-10 Å phase in the MORB+H2O system: Implications for H2O- and K-cycles in subduction zones
  30. Effect of alkalis on the reaction of clinopyroxene with Mg-carbonate at 6 GPa: Implications for partial melting of carbonated lherzolite
  32. Synthesis and crystal structure of LiNbO3-type Mg3Al2Si3O12: A possible indicator of shock conditions of meteorites
  34. Single crystal synthesis of δ-(Al,Fe)OOH
  35. Letter
  36. EosFit-Pinc: A simple GUI for host-inclusion elastic thermobarometry
  38. New Mineral Names
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-6144
Keywords for this article
Refractive index; electronic polarizabilities; optical properties; minerals; synthetic compounds; refractive-index calculation; Anderson-Eggleton relationship

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  2. Looking for “missing” nitrogen in the deep Earth
  3. Actinides in Geology, Energy, and the Environment
  4. Crystal structure of richetite revisited: Crystallographic evidence for the presence of pentavalent uranium
  5. Actinides in Geology, Energy, and the Environment
  6. Mobilization and agglomeration of uraninite nanoparticles: A nano-mineralogical study of samples from the Matoush Uranium ore deposit
  7. Actinides in Geology, Energy, and the Environment
  8. Radiation damage in sulfides: Radioactive galena from burning heaps, after coal mining in the Lower Silesian basin (Czech Republic)
  9. Special Collection: Mechanisms, Rates, and Timescales of Geochemical Transport Processes in the Crust and Mantle
  10. Element mobility during regional metamorphism in crustal and subduction zone environments with a focus on the rare earth elements (REE)
  11. Special Collection: Water in Nominally Hydrous and Anhydrous Minerals
  12. Subsolidus hydrogen partitioning between nominally anhydrous minerals in garnet-bearing peridotite
  13. Special Collection: Water in Nominally Hydrous and Anhydrous Minerals
  14. OH defects in quartz as monitor for igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary processes
  16. Quantitative electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data analyses using the dictionary indexing (DI) approach: Overcoming indexing difficulties on geological materials
  18. Trace element inventory of meteoritic Ca-phosphates
  20. Insights into solar nebula formation of pyrrhotite from nanoscale disequilibrium phases produced by H2S sulfidation of Fe metal
  22. Unraveling the presence of multiple plagioclase populations and identification of representative two-dimensional sections using a statistical and numerical approach
  24. Refractive indices of minerals and synthetic compounds
  26. Can we use pyroxene weathering textures to interpret aqueous alteration conditions? Yes and No
  28. Phase relations and formation of K-bearing Al-10 Å phase in the MORB+H2O system: Implications for H2O- and K-cycles in subduction zones
  30. Effect of alkalis on the reaction of clinopyroxene with Mg-carbonate at 6 GPa: Implications for partial melting of carbonated lherzolite
  32. Synthesis and crystal structure of LiNbO3-type Mg3Al2Si3O12: A possible indicator of shock conditions of meteorites
  34. Single crystal synthesis of δ-(Al,Fe)OOH
  35. Letter
  36. EosFit-Pinc: A simple GUI for host-inclusion elastic thermobarometry
  38. New Mineral Names
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