Abstract
Biomaterials are synthetic compounds and composites that replace or assist missing or damaged tissue or organs. This review paper addresses Ca phosphate biomaterials that are used as aids to or substitutes for bones and teeth. The viewpoint taken is that of mineralogists and geochemists interested in (carbonated) hydroxylapatite, its range of compositions, the conditions under which it can be synthesized, and how it is used as a biomaterial either alone or in a composite. Somewhat counter-intuitively, the goal of most medical or materials science researchers in this field is to emulate the properties of bone and tooth, rather than the hierarchically complex materials themselves. The absence of a directive to mimic biological reality has permitted the development of a remarkable range of approaches to apatite synthesis and post-synthesis processing. Multiple means of synthesis are described from low-temperature aqueous precipitation, sol-gel processes, and mechanosynthesis to high-temperature solid-state reactions and sintering up to 1000 °C. The application of multiple analytical techniques to characterize these apatitic, frequently nanocrystalline materials is discussed. An online supplement[1] details the specific physical and chemical forms in which synthetic apatite and related Ca phosphate phases are used in biomaterials. The implications from this overview are the enhanced recognition of the structurally and chemically accommodating nature of the apatite phase, insight into the effects of synthesis techniques on the specific properties of minerals (specifically apatite), and the importance of surface chemistry of apatite nanocrystals. The wide range of synthesis techniques, types of analytical characterization, and applications to human health associated with apatite are a non-geological demonstration of the power of mineralogy.
Acknowledgments
Development of the paper was supported in part by NIH grant 5U01EB01642202. Discussions over many years with Claude Yoder concerning apatite synthesis were very helpful to the writing of this review. Thoughtful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript by three reviewers, Robert Heimann, Catherine Skinner, and an anonymous reviewer, are much appreciated. The author, however, should be held responsible for all statements and opinions in the article.
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© 2016 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Review
- Physical basis of trace element partitioning: A review
- Special Collection: Apatite: A Common Mineral, Uncommonly Versatile
- A mineralogical view of apatitic biomaterials
- Special Collection: Apatite: A Common Mineral, Uncommonly Versatile
- Radionuclide removal by apatite
- Special Collection: Apatite: A Common Mineral, Uncommonly Versatile
- Hydrothermal mineral replacement reactions for an apatite-monazite assemblage in alkali-rich fluids at 300–600 °C and 100 MPa
- Chemistry and Mineralogy of Earth’s Mantle
- Raman spectroscopy of siderite at high pressure: Evidence for a sharp spin transition
- Chemistry and Mineralogy of Earth’s Mantle
- Electron diffraction determination of 11.5 Å and HySo structures: Candidate water carriers to the Upper Mantle
- Special collection: Mechanisms, Rates, and Timescales of Geochemical Transport Processes in the Crust and Mantle
- Influence of grain size, water, and deformation on dolomite reaction rim formation
- Special Collection: Apatite: A Common Mineral, Uncommonly Versatile
- Dissolution-reprecipitation and self-assembly of serpentine nanoparticles preceding chrysotile formation: Insights into the structure of proto-serpentine
- Research Article
- Submicrometer-scale spatial heterogeneity in silicate glasses using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy
- Research Article
- Growth of hydrothermal baddeleyite and zircon in different stages of skarnization
- Research Article
- Structural incorporation of W6+ into hematite and goethite: A combined study of natural and synthetic iron oxides developed from precursor ferrihydrite and the preservation of ancient fluid compositions in hematite
- Research Article
- Morphological and chemical evolution of corundum (ruby and sapphire): Crystal ontogeny reconstructed by EMPA, LA-ICP-MS, and Cr3+ Raman mapping
- Research Article
- High-pressure compressibility and vibrational properties of (Ca,Mn)CO3
- Research Article
- Transformation of pyrite to pyrrhotite in the presence of Au-Ag alloys at 500 °C
- Research Article
- An alternative method of calculating cleavage energy: The effect of compositional domains in micas
- Research Article
- 10.2138/am-2016-5717
- Research Article
- Collapsing minerals: Crackling noise of sandstone and coal, and the predictability of mining accidents
- Research Article
- Magnetite exsolution in ilmenite from the Fe-Ti oxide gabbro in the Xinjie intrusion (SW China) and sources of unusually strong remnant magnetization
- Research Article
- Statistical petrology reveals a link between supercontinents cycle and mantle global climate
- Letter
- An improved clinopyroxene-based hygrometer for Etnean magmas and implications for eruption triggering mechanisms
- Research Article
- New Mineral Names
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Review
- Physical basis of trace element partitioning: A review
- Special Collection: Apatite: A Common Mineral, Uncommonly Versatile
- A mineralogical view of apatitic biomaterials
- Special Collection: Apatite: A Common Mineral, Uncommonly Versatile
- Radionuclide removal by apatite
- Special Collection: Apatite: A Common Mineral, Uncommonly Versatile
- Hydrothermal mineral replacement reactions for an apatite-monazite assemblage in alkali-rich fluids at 300–600 °C and 100 MPa
- Chemistry and Mineralogy of Earth’s Mantle
- Raman spectroscopy of siderite at high pressure: Evidence for a sharp spin transition
- Chemistry and Mineralogy of Earth’s Mantle
- Electron diffraction determination of 11.5 Å and HySo structures: Candidate water carriers to the Upper Mantle
- Special collection: Mechanisms, Rates, and Timescales of Geochemical Transport Processes in the Crust and Mantle
- Influence of grain size, water, and deformation on dolomite reaction rim formation
- Special Collection: Apatite: A Common Mineral, Uncommonly Versatile
- Dissolution-reprecipitation and self-assembly of serpentine nanoparticles preceding chrysotile formation: Insights into the structure of proto-serpentine
- Research Article
- Submicrometer-scale spatial heterogeneity in silicate glasses using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy
- Research Article
- Growth of hydrothermal baddeleyite and zircon in different stages of skarnization
- Research Article
- Structural incorporation of W6+ into hematite and goethite: A combined study of natural and synthetic iron oxides developed from precursor ferrihydrite and the preservation of ancient fluid compositions in hematite
- Research Article
- Morphological and chemical evolution of corundum (ruby and sapphire): Crystal ontogeny reconstructed by EMPA, LA-ICP-MS, and Cr3+ Raman mapping
- Research Article
- High-pressure compressibility and vibrational properties of (Ca,Mn)CO3
- Research Article
- Transformation of pyrite to pyrrhotite in the presence of Au-Ag alloys at 500 °C
- Research Article
- An alternative method of calculating cleavage energy: The effect of compositional domains in micas
- Research Article
- 10.2138/am-2016-5717
- Research Article
- Collapsing minerals: Crackling noise of sandstone and coal, and the predictability of mining accidents
- Research Article
- Magnetite exsolution in ilmenite from the Fe-Ti oxide gabbro in the Xinjie intrusion (SW China) and sources of unusually strong remnant magnetization
- Research Article
- Statistical petrology reveals a link between supercontinents cycle and mantle global climate
- Letter
- An improved clinopyroxene-based hygrometer for Etnean magmas and implications for eruption triggering mechanisms
- Research Article
- New Mineral Names