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Beyond the equilibrium paradigm: How consideration of kinetics enhances metamorphic interpretation
-
William D. Carlson
,
David R.M. Pattison
Published/Copyright:
August 12, 2015
Abstract
The equilibrium model of prograde metamorphism, in which rocks are regarded as departing only negligibly from equilibrium states as they recrystallize, has generated a wealth of petrologic insights. But mounting evidence from diverse approaches and observations over a range of scales has revealed that kinetic impediments to reaction may prevent metamorphic rocks from attaining rock-wide chemical equilibrium along their prograde crystallization paths. To illustrate the resulting potential for inaccurate interpretation if kinetic factors are disregarded, we briefly review several case studies, including: out-of-sequence, metastable, and displaced isograds in contact aureoles; paragenetic sequences documenting overstepped, disequilibrium reaction paths; patterns of compositional zoning in garnet demonstrating partial chemical equilibrium; petrologic incongruities between observation and thermodynamic prediction; and inhibited reaction progress revealed by petrologically constrained numerical simulations of garnet crystallization. While the equilibrium model provides an indispensable framework for the study of metamorphic systems, these examples emphasize that all reactions require departures from rock-wide equilibrium, so all rocks must traverse kinetically sensitive reaction paths during recrystallization. Mindfulness of the potential significance of kinetic influences opens new avenues for petrologic investigation, thereby enhancing both analysis and interpretation.
Received: 2014-6-23
Accepted: 2015-1-20
Published Online: 2015-8-12
Published in Print: 2015-8-1
© 2015 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston
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Keywords for this article
Kinetics;
disequilibrium;
crystallization;
metamorphism;
Invited Centennial article
Articles in the same Issue
- Data, ideas, and the nature of scientific progress
- Beyond the equilibrium paradigm: How consideration of kinetics enhances metamorphic interpretation
- Magmatic volatiles (H, C, N, F, S, Cl) in the lunar mantle, crust, and regolith: Abundances, distributions, processes, and reservoirs
- The mafic component of the lunar crust: Constraints on the crustal abundance of mantle and intrusive rock, and the mineralogy of lunar anorthosites
- Degassing pathways of Cl-, F-, H-, and S-bearing magmas near the lunar surface: Implications for the composition and Cl isotopic values of lunar apatite
- Uranium scavenging during mineral replacement reactions
- New structure of high-pressure body-centered orthorhombic Fe2SiO4
- Spectroscopic study of ordering in non-stoichiometric magnesium aluminate spinel
- High-pressure behavior of cuprospinel CuFe2O4: Influence of the Jahn-Teller effect on the spinel structure
- Field and model constraints on silicic melt segregation by compaction/hindered settling: The role of water and its effect on latent heat release
- Formation of rhyolite at the Okataina Volcanic Complex, New Zealand: New insights from analysis of quartz clusters in plutonic lithics
- Experimental investigation of F, Cl, and OH partitioning between apatite and Fe-rich basaltic melt at 1.0–1.2 GPa and 950–1000 °C
- Synthesis, characterization, and thermodynamics of arsenates forming in the Ca-Fe(III)-As(V)-NO3 system: Implications for the stability of Ca-Fe arsenates
- High-pressure phases of cordierite from single-crystal X-ray diffraction to 15 GPa
- Planar microstructures in zircon from paleo-seismic zones
- Ultra-deep subduction of Yematan eclogite in the North Qaidam UHP belt, NW China: Evidence from phengite exsolution in omphacite
- Elastic wave velocity anomalies of anorthite in a subducting plate: In situ experiments
- Current limitations of molecular dynamic simulations as probes of thermo-physical behavior of silicate melts
- Three-component mixed-layer illite/smectite/kaolinite (I/S/K) minerals in hydromorphic soils, south China
- Melting curve of NaCl to 20 GPa from electrical measurements of capacitive current
- Grain size measurement from two-dimensional micro-X-ray diffraction: Laboratory application of a radial integration technique
- Decrease of hydrogen incorporation in forsterite from CO2-H2O-rich kimberlitic liquid
- Provenance determination of sapphires and rubies using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and multivariate analysis
- Structural insights and elasticity of single-crystal antigorite from high-pressure Raman and Brillouin spectroscopy measured in the (010) plane
- Magnetic anisotropy in natural amphibole crystals
- Resolving oxygen isotopic disturbance in zircon: A case study from the low δ18O Scourie dikes, NW Scotland
- Accurate determination of Fe3+/ΣFe of andesitic glass by Mössbauer spectroscopy
- Recoil-free fractions of iron in aluminous bridgmanite from temperature-dependent Mössbauer spectra
- Chemical interactions between a sedimentary diapir and surrounding magma: Evidence from the Phepane Dome and Bushveld Complex, South Africa
- The crystal structures of Mg2Fe2C4O13, with tetrahedrally coordinated carbon, and Fe13O19, synthesized at deep mantle conditions
- New Mineral Names
- Book Review: Geodynamics, Third edition.
