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Wirtschaftsfaktor Wald. Am Beispiel des österreichischen Alpenraums

  • Elisabeth Johann
Published/Copyright: September 25, 2009
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Abstract

In the alpine region of Austria in centuries human beings have shaped the landscape by activities using the resources given by nature such as rocks, minerals, soil, climate, topography, vegetation, and water, a progress which created what we nowadays call cultural landscape. The woodland was indispensable to farming because it contributed essentially to the nourishment of the population by the supply of fat, meat, milk, honey, medical plants, herbs, berries, and mushrooms. Thus the important part of the rural economy was forest grazing and stock breeding. The diversity of domestic animals with different needs (horses, cattle, cows, goats, sheep, pigs, poultry) allowed a sustainable utilization of the limited resources. During the late Middle Ages forest utilization escalated caused by an increasing population. On the one hand woodland was cleared and turned to farmland, yet also forest grazing increased due to the growing number of livestock. On the other hand there was a growing demand for energy (fuel wood and charcoal) for the supply of the settlements as well as the mining industry. As the area of farmland could not be increased by other means, a high pressure onto the forest resulted and gave rise to social disagreements. Conflicts arose due to the different demands for utilization on the same forest area. However, the traditional small-scale farming practices, in particular in their structure of self-supply, preserved a variety of cultural ecosystems till the end of the Middle Ages.

Published Online: 2009-09-25
Published in Print: 2008-12

© by Akademie Verlag, Berlin, Germany

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