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Nanomaterials at the forefront: classification, fabrication technique, and cross-sector applications

  • Varinder Bains , Pooja Sharma ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Bharti Budhalakoti and Shubham Sharma
Published/Copyright: August 4, 2025
Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie
From the journal Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie Volume 239 Issue 10

Abstract

Nanotechnology has revolutionized material science by enabling the manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular scale. This review presents an in-depth analysis of nanoparticles (NPs), highlighting their classification into carbon-based, lipid-based, polymeric, metal, semiconductor, and ceramic types. It explores the physical and chemical uniqueness of nanomaterials, such as high surface-area-to-volume ratios and quantum effects, which empower their enhanced performance across domains. Emphasis is placed on synthesis strategies, including both top-down and bottom-up approaches, with a special focus on green and sustainable methods utilizing plant extracts and biological organisms. Furthermore, this review discusses wide-ranging applications of NPs in environmental remediation, medicine, electronics, mechanical systems, and energy harvesting. The potential of nanoparticles to offer targeted drug delivery, water purification, lightweight electronics, and energy-efficient systems makes them vital for future innovations. Challenges and perspectives on the scalability and safe deployment of nanomaterials are also briefly addressed.

Keywords: green synthesis; nanotechnology; environmental remediation; nanomaterials
Corresponding author: Pooja Sharma, Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144401, Punjab, India, E-mail:

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

  6. Research funding: None declared.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

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Received: 2025-07-11
Accepted: 2025-07-15
Published Online: 2025-08-04
Published in Print: 2025-10-27

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Articles
  3. Surfactants in action: chemistry, behavior, and industrial applications
  4. Smart nanomaterials for clean water and a comprehensive exploration of the potentials of metal oxide nanoparticles in environmental remediation
  5. Nanomaterials at the forefront: classification, fabrication technique, and cross-sector applications
  6. Original Papers
  7. Unlocking the potential of FeNbGe Half Heusler: stability, electronic, magnetic and thermodynamic properties
  8. Investigating the antibacterial potency of Schiff base derivatives as potential agents for urinary tract infection: DFT, solvation, molecular docking and pharmacokinetic studies
  9. Continuous rapid cooling of polarized electrons initiates Mpemba superfreezing
  10. Synthesis and characterization of CNTs doped polymeric composites: comparative studies on exploring impact of CNT concentration on morphological, structural, thermokinetic and mechanical attributes
  11. Frumkin’s adsorption model – a successful approach for understanding surfactant adsorption layers
https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2025-0098
Keywords for this article
green synthesis; nanotechnology; environmental remediation; nanomaterials

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Articles
  3. Surfactants in action: chemistry, behavior, and industrial applications
  4. Smart nanomaterials for clean water and a comprehensive exploration of the potentials of metal oxide nanoparticles in environmental remediation
  5. Nanomaterials at the forefront: classification, fabrication technique, and cross-sector applications
  6. Original Papers
  7. Unlocking the potential of FeNbGe Half Heusler: stability, electronic, magnetic and thermodynamic properties
  8. Investigating the antibacterial potency of Schiff base derivatives as potential agents for urinary tract infection: DFT, solvation, molecular docking and pharmacokinetic studies
  9. Continuous rapid cooling of polarized electrons initiates Mpemba superfreezing
  10. Synthesis and characterization of CNTs doped polymeric composites: comparative studies on exploring impact of CNT concentration on morphological, structural, thermokinetic and mechanical attributes
  11. Frumkin’s adsorption model – a successful approach for understanding surfactant adsorption layers
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