Investigation of process variable effects on palm kernelamidopropyl betaine production
-
Amanda Nazwa Nur Fatihah studied bioenergy engineering and chemurgy at the Bandung Institute of Technology. She completed her Master's in Chemical Engineering in 2023 under the supervision of Dr. Carolus B. Rasrendra and Dr Tatang H. Soerawidjaja. Her PhD thesis research focused on biohydrocarbon production from sorbitol. During the course of her thesis, she joined a research project financially supported by the Palm Oil Plantation Fund Management Agency (BPDPKS) about palm oil-based surfactants.
Meiti Pratiwi is an assistant professor at the Department of Bioenergy Engineering and Chemurgy at the Bandung Institute of Technology. She completed a Master's in Chemical Engineering and a Doctoral Program in Chemical Engineering under the supervision of Dr. Tatang H. Soerawidjaja and Dr. Tirto Prakoso at the Bandung Institute of Technology from 2013 to 2019. Her studies are focused on biodiesel and biohydrocarbon production technology. She has received scholarships from Bandung Institute of Technology and Chevron during her study time. She is now continuing her studies on palm oil-based surfactants, biohydrocarbon and biodiesel production, bio-pellet from various biomass, and nutmeg essential oil.
,
Astri Nur Istyami studied chemical engineering and received her Master's Degree and Doctoral Degree at the Bandung Institute of Technology from 2013 to 2019 under the supervision of Dr. Tatang H. Soerawidjaja and Dr. Tirto Prakoso. Her studies focused on the utilization of bioenergy plants for fatty acid production. Since 2015, she has been an assistant professor in the Department of Bioenergy Engineering and Chemurgy at the Bandung Institute of Technology. Now, her research focuses on plant oils and fats processing for cosmetic components.
Ronny Purwadi received Bachelor's Degree and Master's Degree in chemical engineering at the Bandung Institute of Technology from 1988 to 1995 under the supervision of Dr. Tatang H. Soerawidjaja and Tri Partono Adhi, Ph.D. In 2007 he received his PhD in Bioscience at Chalmers University of Technology under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Mohammad Taherzadeh. He is now an Associate Professor in the Department of Food Engineering at the Bandung Institute of Technology, and his researches focus on the development of sugar and ethanol from palm-oil empty fruit bunch and crude cellulase enzyme production for treated palm-oil empty fruit bunch hydrolysis.
Dianika Lestari is an Associate Professor in the Department of Food Engineering at Bandung Institute of Technology. From 2000 until 2006, she studied chemical engineering at Bandung Institute of Technology in Bachelor and Master Programs. Then she received her Doctoral Degree in agrotechnology and food science from Wageningen University in 2012.
Abstract
Cocamidopropyl betaine is a coconut oil-based surfactant that is widely used in cosmetics and personal care products due to its milder and less irritating properties compared to conventional petroleum-based surfactants. Palm kernel oil can be used for the synthesis of betaine (palm kernel amidopropyl betaine), following the same route as for the synthesis with coconut oil via two reaction steps. However, there was little information on the optimal operating conditions for each process. The method for the production of betaine and its operating conditions were studied in order to obtain a compatible betaine product with better properties than those of the commercial product. The studied method and operating conditions allowed the production of low viscosity betaine with a higher surfactant content (31.55 wt%) than that of the commercial betaine products (25.10 wt%). In addition, other feedstocks such as coconut oil, split palm kernel oil and coconut oil-based fatty acid methyl ester were used in this study to produce betaine from low-cost production.
Funding source: Palm Oil Plantation Fund Management Agency (BPDPKS) Indonesia
Award Identifier / Grant number: Palm Oil Grant Research Program 2021
About the authors
Amanda Nazwa Nur Fatihah studied bioenergy engineering and chemurgy at the Bandung Institute of Technology. She completed her Master's in Chemical Engineering in 2023 under the supervision of Dr. Carolus B. Rasrendra and Dr Tatang H. Soerawidjaja. Her PhD thesis research focused on biohydrocarbon production from sorbitol. During the course of her thesis, she joined a research project financially supported by the Palm Oil Plantation Fund Management Agency (BPDPKS) about palm oil-based surfactants.
Meiti Pratiwi is an assistant professor at the Department of Bioenergy Engineering and Chemurgy at the Bandung Institute of Technology. She completed a Master's in Chemical Engineering and a Doctoral Program in Chemical Engineering under the supervision of Dr. Tatang H. Soerawidjaja and Dr. Tirto Prakoso at the Bandung Institute of Technology from 2013 to 2019. Her studies are focused on biodiesel and biohydrocarbon production technology. She has received scholarships from Bandung Institute of Technology and Chevron during her study time. She is now continuing her studies on palm oil-based surfactants, biohydrocarbon and biodiesel production, bio-pellet from various biomass, and nutmeg essential oil.
Astri Nur Istyami studied chemical engineering and received her Master's Degree and Doctoral Degree at the Bandung Institute of Technology from 2013 to 2019 under the supervision of Dr. Tatang H. Soerawidjaja and Dr. Tirto Prakoso. Her studies focused on the utilization of bioenergy plants for fatty acid production. Since 2015, she has been an assistant professor in the Department of Bioenergy Engineering and Chemurgy at the Bandung Institute of Technology. Now, her research focuses on plant oils and fats processing for cosmetic components.
Ronny Purwadi received Bachelor's Degree and Master's Degree in chemical engineering at the Bandung Institute of Technology from 1988 to 1995 under the supervision of Dr. Tatang H. Soerawidjaja and Tri Partono Adhi, Ph.D. In 2007 he received his PhD in Bioscience at Chalmers University of Technology under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Mohammad Taherzadeh. He is now an Associate Professor in the Department of Food Engineering at the Bandung Institute of Technology, and his researches focus on the development of sugar and ethanol from palm-oil empty fruit bunch and crude cellulase enzyme production for treated palm-oil empty fruit bunch hydrolysis.
Dianika Lestari is an Associate Professor in the Department of Food Engineering at Bandung Institute of Technology. From 2000 until 2006, she studied chemical engineering at Bandung Institute of Technology in Bachelor and Master Programs. Then she received her Doctoral Degree in agrotechnology and food science from Wageningen University in 2012.
-
Research funding: This work was financially supported by the Palm Oil Plantation Fund Management Agency (BPDPKS) Indonesia in the framework of the Palm Oil Grant Research Program 2021.
-
Research ethics: We ensure that all research is conducted in accordance with ethical principles.
-
Author contributions: Amanda Nazwa Nur Fatihah conducted the all experiments, analyzed all data, and wrote the first draft of manuscript. Meiti Pratiwi conceptualized the study, and review and edited the manuscript. Astri Nur Istyami conceptualized the study, and review and edited the manuscript. Ronny Purwadi conceptualized the study and review the manuscript. Dianika Lestari conceptualized the study and review the manuscript. All authors contributed to and approved the final draft of the manuscript.
-
Competing interests: the authors declare that there is no competing interest.
-
Data availability: Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.
References
1. Jacob, S. E., Atnini, S. Cocamidopropyl betaine. Dermatitis 2008, 19, 157–160; https://doi.org/10.2310/6620.2008.06043.Search in Google Scholar
2. Hunter, J. E., Fowler, J. F. Safety to human skin of cocamidopropyl betaine: a mild surfactant for personal-care products. J. Surfactants Deterg. 1998, 1, 235–239; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11743-998-0025-3.Search in Google Scholar
3. Nicander, I., Rantanen, I., Rozell, B. L., Söderling, E., Ollmar, S. The ability of betaine to reduce the irritating effects of detergents assessed visually, histologically and by bioengineering methods. Skin Res. Technol. 2003, 9, 50–58; https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0846.2003.00367.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
4. Weerasooriya, U., Boorem, J., Hodle, B., Boorem, A., Radford, P., Stevenson, H., Barr, G. G. Process for Process for Making Fatty Amides. US Patent US20110092715A1, 2011.Search in Google Scholar
5. Becker, L. C., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks, J. G., Shank, R. C., Slaga, T. J., Snyder, P. W., Gill, L. J., Heldreth, B. Safety assessment of glycerin as used in cosmetics. Int. J. Toxicol. 2009, 38, 6S–22S; https://doi.org/10.1177/1091581819883820.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
6. Acikalin, K., Isiklar, A. N., Koc, F. Process for Preparing a Concentrated, Non-Gelling, Aqueous Solution of Betaine. European Patent EP3002275A1, 2016.Search in Google Scholar
7. Amri, I. N. The lauric (coconut and palm kernel) oils. In Vegetable Oils in Food Technology; Gunstone, F. D., Ed. Blackwell Publishing: Oxford, 2011; pp. 169–197.10.1002/9781444339925.ch6Search in Google Scholar
8. Burnett, C. L., Boyer, I., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks, J. G., Shank, R. C., Slaga, T. J., Snyder, P. W., Gill, L. J., Heldreth, B. Safety assessment of fatty acid amidopropyl dimethylamines as used in cosmetics. Int. J. Toxicol. 2019, 38, 39S–69S; https://doi.org/10.1177/1091581819836089.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
9. Bade, V. Process for the Preparation of Betaine. US Patent 4497825, 1985.Search in Google Scholar
10. Mostafalu, R., Banaei, A., Ghorbani, F. An inaccuracy in the determination of cocoamidopropyl betaine by the potentiometric method. J. Surfactants Deterg. 2015, 18, 919–922; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11743-015-1699-1.Search in Google Scholar
11. Keough, A. Process for Making Amphoteric Surface Active Agents. US Patent US2961451A, 1960.Search in Google Scholar
12. Clendennen, S. K., Boaz, N. W. Betaine amphoteric surfactants-synthesis, properties, and applications. In Biobased Surfactant, 2nd ed.; Hayes, D. G., Solaiman, D. K. Y., Ashby, R. D., Eds. AOCS Press: Illinois, 2019; pp. 447–469.10.1016/B978-0-12-812705-6.00014-9Search in Google Scholar
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Application
- Change in gastric-lipase adsorption on lipid layer by stigmasterols
- Biosurfactant Production (Special Topic Section)
- Oil displacement properties of surfactin: a comparative study
- Investigation of process variable effects on palm kernelamidopropyl betaine production
- Environmental Chemistry
- Facile synthesis of novel interpenetrating polymeric network (IPN) from semi-IPN: comparative analysis of biodegradation studies for environmental remediation
- Green removal of low and high levels of Cu(II) and Cr(III) cations from concentrated saline chloride medium achieved by a mixture of N,N′-bis(salicylidene)-thiocarbohydrazide-TritonX-100 micellar system via cloud point extraction process
- Adsorption of Ni2+ by functionalized hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite
- Physical Chemistry
- Influence of isopropanol on the rheological behavior of wormlike micelles
- Influence of tetrabutylammonium bromide based ionic liquid on the aggregation behavior of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide in the range (293.15 K–313.15 K): acoustic and volumetric investigation
- Study on the synergistic effect of the binary compound system of cardanol sulfonate
- Gemini Surfactants
- Synthesis and properties of amide-based cationic gemini surfactants with semi-rigid spacer
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Application
- Change in gastric-lipase adsorption on lipid layer by stigmasterols
- Biosurfactant Production (Special Topic Section)
- Oil displacement properties of surfactin: a comparative study
- Investigation of process variable effects on palm kernelamidopropyl betaine production
- Environmental Chemistry
- Facile synthesis of novel interpenetrating polymeric network (IPN) from semi-IPN: comparative analysis of biodegradation studies for environmental remediation
- Green removal of low and high levels of Cu(II) and Cr(III) cations from concentrated saline chloride medium achieved by a mixture of N,N′-bis(salicylidene)-thiocarbohydrazide-TritonX-100 micellar system via cloud point extraction process
- Adsorption of Ni2+ by functionalized hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite
- Physical Chemistry
- Influence of isopropanol on the rheological behavior of wormlike micelles
- Influence of tetrabutylammonium bromide based ionic liquid on the aggregation behavior of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide in the range (293.15 K–313.15 K): acoustic and volumetric investigation
- Study on the synergistic effect of the binary compound system of cardanol sulfonate
- Gemini Surfactants
- Synthesis and properties of amide-based cationic gemini surfactants with semi-rigid spacer
